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In Russia there is a system for standardizing and control over aerosols with predominantly fibrogenic effects and dust particles with different structure. But at the same time there are no hygienic standards for fine-dispersed dust contents in working area air and it makes hygienic assessment of working conditions more complicated and impedes use of risk assessment methodology. Our research goal was to substantiate a concentration of aerosols containing fine-dispersed dust particles (РМ10 и РМ2.5) in working are air that were harmless for workers’ health. It was done via applying a procedure for determining dust burden and using it when calculating health risks for workers. We assessed dust content in working area air with focus on fine-dispersed dust particles РМ10 и РМ2.5 with a dust measuring device «OMPN-10.0». Chemical structure of dust particles was determined with atomic absorption procedure. Results were estimated according to HS 2.2.5.3532-18. Dust burden was calculated according to State standard GOST R 54578-2011. We established dependence between duration of working experience under exposure to fine-dispersed dust that was harmless for health and a value of excess in dust contents over the suggested concentration and work shift duration. To assess health risk for workers caused by exposure to fine-dispersed dust particles taking their chemical structure into account, we determined reference concentrations for working area air; 0.1 mg/m3 for РМ10, and 0.055 mg/m3 for РМ2.5. Use of calculated concentrations allowed suggesting models for calculating harmless duration of working experience under exposure to dusts in concentrations higher than recommended ones. The results enable substantiating organizational activities aimed at workers’ health preservation.

Introduction. The strategic goal of healthcare development based on the maximum use of all possible resources is currently the formation of a system that unites medical institutions working within the framework of a single information regulation, a single expert and hygienic control. At the end of the reporting year 2021, the number of patients under dispensary supervision amounted to 3,940,529 people. Of these, the proportion of people of working age is 33.9%. The availability of a developed system of diagnostics and oncological care for the working population should be accompanied by measures to predict the risk of developing oncological pathology. The purpose of the study. To identify the features of assessing the indicator of carcinogenic risk in workers operating vehicles on diesel fuel. Materials and methods. The object of the study is employees of locomotive crews carrying out the transportation process on diesel-fueled locomotives (diesel locomotives), with different service life. The list of pollutants entering the air of the working area is determined in accordance with the “EMEP Manual/EEA on the inventory of emissions of pollutants 1.A.3.c. Railways”. Quantitative indices of the concentration of pollutants were obtained by the calculation method (UPRZA) “Ecologist” (version 4.6.7 “Calculation of dispersion taking into account the development of MRR-2017”). The assessment of the pollution level was carried out in accordance with the SanPiN. 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans”. Reference concentrations are determined in accordance with P 2.1.10.1920-04. The calculation of health loss risk indices was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines No. 2.2.1766-03 dated 06/24/2003 and MP 2.1.9.003-03. Results. Calculations made it possible to determine the amount of pollutants likely to enter the body of employees of locomotive crews operating diesel locomotives with different service life. To establish that the daily dose of pollutants entering the body of workers of locomotive crews operating new locomotives is 7,244 mg/kg, for workers operating diesel locomotives after major repairs 1.1368 mg/kg. Some of the analyzed substances have a carcinogenic effect. The calculation of the carcinogenic risk showed that when working on locomotives with a long service life and undergoing major repairs, the risk is 5.2∙10-3, which indicates that 52 additional cases of cancer per 10,000 employees of locomotive crews are likely to form annually in such a group. When operating new diesel locomotives, the carcinogenic risk is 3.8∙10-3, i.e. 38 additional cases of cancer per 10,000 employees of locomotive crews (1.5 times less). Limitations. Features of calculations of pollutants in the air of the working area for various types of vehicles. Conclusion. The gain in the number of people with oncological pathology, a fairly large proportion of whom are of working age, implies not only the creation of an advanced system of diagnosis and medical care for cancer patients, but also the improvement of measures for predicting the risk of developing oncological pathology. A promising direction for improving the method of assessing the indicator of carcinogenic risk in workers operating diesel-fueled vehicles (railway, automobile, marine) is to take into account the full list of pollutants entering the air of the working area with exhaust gases. Currently, only substances with a predominant mass fraction in emissions are accounted for. At the same time, a complex of heavy metal compounds and poly aromatic hydrocarbons has a carcinogenic effect, which are practically not controlled in the air of the working area due to the complexity of sampling and the high cost of analytical studies. This problem can be solved by using the calculation method, an example of which is given in this paper.

Introduction. Scientific research has established the connection of physical factors of the working environment with the pathology of the musculoskeletal system of vehicle drivers. Outstanding acceleration is one of the operational characteristics of vehicles. Due to the fact this factor to have an adverse effect on the stability of metal structures, it is impossible to exclude its adverse effect on the health of workers. The purpose of the study. Identification and the study of outstanding acceleration, and its connection with the formation of pathology of the musculoskeletal system in workers of the transport industry. Material and methods. Review of domestic and foreign scientific literature, measurement of acceleration indicators during vehicle movement, calculation of risk indicators in accordance with MP 2.2.0085-14 “Assessment and forecast of reliability and occupational risk of drivers of various vehicles”. The research was carried out on the example of railway transport. To measure the outstanding acceleration, a single-axis accelerometer Low Noise 21kHz 100g 1-axis accel (for the X axis), measuring range ± 100 g, and ADXL345BCCZ, a 3-axis (x, y, z) digital accelerometer, ±2 g/±4 g/±8 g/±16g [LGA-14 (3×5)], measuring range ±2g, ±4g, ±8g, ±16g. Results. Employees operating railway transport constantly experience low levels of frontal, unbalanced acceleration during speed gain, braking, as well as sagittal acceleration when the locomotive is moving. Prolonged exposure to the constantly changing intensity and direction of the impact of unbalanced acceleration can cause the formation of pathology in the lumbosacral spine, registered as a disease associated with production, in drivers of vehicles. Calculations of the risk indicators for the formation of pathology revealed risk higher levels in locomotive crews compared to unexposed workers. Limitations. Currently, there are no methods of hygienic assessment of the factor of outstanding acceleration identified as a factor of the occupation environment of workers operating vehicles. Conclusion. The unbalanced acceleration must be identified as a harmful professional factor of the working environment for drivers of vehicles, which, in combination with others, can lead to the formation of production-related pathology. This factor of the working environment needs further study, development of measurement, evaluation, analysis and control methods for it.

Transport is an object of mass concentration of people where workers and passengers are likely to be exposed to pathogens of infectious diseases. 95% are diseases that do not respond effectively to the effects of specific prophylaxis, influenza and acute respiratory viral infections. Currently, measures to contain the infection have led to a restriction of transport activity. In such conditions, the development of effective ways to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases transmitted by airborne droplets, not controlled by means of specific prevention, as well as the preservation of the health of transport industry workers, is particularly relevant. The aim of the study is to determine the location and type of air disinfection device in the driver's cabin of a railway vehicle and the passenger compartment of a sitting car with various breathing options (natural exhalation, cough, sneezing). To determine the location and capacity of the decontamination plant, the mathematical method of gas-dynamic calculations using solid-state three-dimensional models was used. The study was performed in the SolidWorks software package, using the FlowSimulation module to solve the system of nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations. The trajectories of air flows from human breathing in the cab of the vehicle are calculated taking into account the influence of ventilation. Research on the effectiveness of disinfection was carried out by a certified laboratory in the operating conditions of the vehicle. The results of the calculation allowed us to establish that it is advisable to place devices for physical disinfection of air in the cab of the vehicle at the level of the information panel on the left side or directly in the center. The basis for choosing the technical characteristics of the device for air disinfection should be information about the maximum speed of particles approaching the information panel, which is equal to 2.2-3 m/s. The safest method of disinfection of the air environment of vehicles is the use of closed UV radiation installations, the effectiveness of which is confirmed in the course of a full-scale experiment. It is concluded that the formation of an infection zone when an infected person is in the cab or cabin of a vehicle largely depends on the duration of his stay in the cabin, the intensity of breathing and the use of personal protective equipment. The advantage of closed UV radiation installations is the simultaneous provision of high disinfection efficiency and satisfaction of all safety requirements (chemical, environmental, fire, electrical, etc.), as well as the possibility of using the method in the presence of people. The analysis of the regulatory and technical documentation showed that UV irradiators are the only type of disinfection equipment that meets the requirements of domestic legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare.