Practical work and textbooks have an important role in primary science education. This study analyses the complexity of practical work in Portuguese primary science textbooks. The level of complexity was appreciated by the level of conceptual demand of practical work, as given by the type of practical work, the complexity of scientific knowledge, the complexity of cognitive skills and the degree of relation between theory and practice. The explicitness of practical work was also analysed. The study followed an approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis and a total of 176 units of analysis were evaluated from six science textbooks, chosen among the most selected in Portuguese primary schools. The results showed that textbooks evidence a tendency towards a low level of conceptual demand of practical work, considering the proposals for practical activities and the related evaluation questions. Practical activities, mainly focused on practical exercises and illustrative experiences, tend to mobilize scientific knowledge and cognitive skills of a low level of complexity and point out to an apparent relation between theory and practice. The evaluation questions present a lower level of conceptual demand. The results also showed a weak concern with the explicitness of the practical work. However, findings also indicated that there are differences between the textbooks.
A natureza da ciência na educação em ciência: teorias e práticasThe nature of science in science education: theories and practices La naturaleza de la ciencia en la educación en ciencia: teorías y prácticas Resumo: O artigo parte de resultados da investigação realizada pelo Grupo ESSA (Estudos Sociológicos da Sala de Aula) sobre a inclusão da natureza da ciência (metaciência) na educação científica. Os resultados, que se têm obtido da análise de vários textos e contextos educativos -currículos/programas, manuais escolares e práticas pedagógicas -e das relações entre esses textos/contextos, têm, em geral, revelado uma reduzida presença e uma baixa conceptualização da metaciência. No artigo, começa-se por apresentar o enquadramento teórico da investigação do Grupo ESSA sobre a inclusão da natureza da ciência na educação científica, fundamentalmente a teorização de Ziman (1984Ziman ( , 2000 sobre a metaciência e a teorização de Bernstein sobre a produção e reprodução do conhecimento, referindo-se particularmente o seu modelo do discurso pedagógico (1990, 2000) e as estruturas de conhecimento (1999). Segue-se a descrição de uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica, teoricamente sustentada, que explora a natureza da ciência em contexto de sala de aula. Pretende-se com essa proposta dar exemplo de uma estratégia que privilegie uma aprendizagem científica de nível elevado para todos os alunos e que possa constituir objeto de reflexão sobre a inclusão da natureza da ciência no ensino das ciências. O artigo termina com algumas considerações sobre a aplicabilidade da atividade proposta, retomando argumentos de natureza teórica e empírica que sustentam a sua utilização no contexto da educação científica. Palavras-chave: Educação em ciência. Natureza da ciência. Discurso pedagógico. Estratégia para a sala de aula. Abstract:The article is based on results of research carried out by the ESSA Group (Sociological Studies of the Classroom) centred on the inclusion of the nature of science (metascience) on science education. The results, based on analyses of various educational texts and contexts -curricula/syllabuses, textbooks and pedagogic practices -and of the relations between those texts/contexts, have in general shown a reduced presence and low conceptualization of metascience. The article starts by presenting the theoretical
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