BackgroundThe evaluation of prepubertal gonadal Leydig cells secretion requires gonadotropin stimulation. Urinary hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is currently unavailable in many countries, however, recombinant hCG (rhCG) can be used. Our aim was to evaluate rhCG-stimulated testicular hormones in a group of patients with cryptorchidism.MethodsWe evaluated 31 prepubertal boys (age range, 0.75–9.0 years) presenting with unilateral (n = 24) or bilateral (n = 7) cryptorchidism. Patients with other genital abnormalities, previous use of hCG or testosterone or previous surgeries were excluded. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and 7 days after a single subcutaneous dose of rhCG (Ovidrel® 250 mcg) to measure the testosterone, DHT (dihydrotestosterone), AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), and inhibin B levels.ResultsrhCG stimulation significantly increased testosterone levels from 10 ng/dl to 247.8 ± 135.8 ng/dl, increased DHT levels from 4.6 ± 0.8 to 32.3 ± 18.0 ng/dl, and increased the T/DHT ratio from 2.2 ± 0.4 to 8.0 ± 3.5. There was also a significant increase in inhibin B (from 105.8 ± 65.2 to 132.4 ± 56.1 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and AMH levels (from 109.4 ± 52.6 to 152.9 ± 65.2 ng/ml; p < 0.01) after the rhCG stimulation.ConclusionsIn this cohort, hormonal responses can be elicited after the rhCG stimulation test, suggesting that rhCG is a promising stimulation test to replace the urinary hCG test during the evaluation of gonadal Leydig cells function. The clinical applicability and adequate performance of rhCG testing must be investigated in future studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12610-016-0039-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a rare condition characterized by 46,XY karyotype, female external genitalia, absence of uterus, and testes located intra-abdominally, in the inguinal ring or in the labia majora. In the present study, the frequency of testicular malignancy in prepubertal and pubertal patients with CAIS who underwent gonadectomy or gonadal biopsy were evaluated. Systematic review was performed using electronic databases according to the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. The samples included 15 articles published between 1998 and 2019. From a total of 456 patients who underwent gonadectomy or gonadal biopsy, 6.14% had a premalignant lesion and most were postpubertal (82.14%). A malignant lesion was found in 1.3% and all were postpubertal. Because the risk of malignancy is very low in prepubertal patients with CAIS, gonadectomy may be delayed until puberty is complete, allowing it to progress naturally; however, close follow-up of the patient is required.
Ainda que a promoção da igualdade de gênero seja posta como uma meta mundial, a visão estereotipada do trabalho feminino se mostra determinante de respeito, oportunidades e equidade salarial. Durante o período pandêmico de 2020, as desigualdades de gênero no trabalho foram ainda mais agravadas. Por conta destes fatos, aqui analisamos pressupostos que corroboram a dedutiva dos ambientes organizacionais ainda não oferecerem isonomia de condições de trabalho entre homens e mulheres. Metodologicamente, utilizamos pesquisas documentais-com materiais da Organização Mundial do Trabalho (OIT)-e também pesquisas legislativas e bibliográficas que apresentam dados voltados para o tema. Os resultados evidenciaram a urgência de aplicações de políticas que quebrem os padrões segregacionistas e que conscientizem a sociedade, promovendo uma transformação das culturas sociais e corporativas em todos os setores do mercado.
SUMMARY The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments in maximum profile valley depth (Rv), surface roughness (Sa), contact angle (Ca), shear bond strength (SBS) of a light-cured resin cement, microstructure, and composition of two CAD/CAM ceramics: Cerec Blocs/Dentsply Sirona (feldspathic - FEL) and Empress CAD/Ivoclar Vivadent (leucite-reinforced - LEU). The ceramic specimens were submitted to six surface treatments: (1) 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) – 20 seconds; (2) 5% HF – 60 seconds; (3) 10% HF – 20 seconds; (4) 10% HF – 60 seconds; (5) self-etching ceramic primer (MEP) – 20 seconds; and (6) MEP – 60 seconds. Specimens treated with HF received silane application for 1 minute. Rv and Sa were evaluated in a confocal laser microscope (n=10) and the Ca in a goniometer (n=6). For the SBS test, two resin cement cylinders were bonded to each specimen, one tested after 24 hours in distilled water storage (37°C) and the other after one year (n=10). The microstructures and compositions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (n=4). Rv, Sa, and Ca data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, and the SBS data by three-way ANOVA, all followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results: Surface treatments with HF always produced higher Rv and Sa, and lower Ca than MEP 60s for both ceramics. After 1-year water storage, FEL ceramic treated with MEP for 60 seconds produced higher SBS values than HF treatments, whereas for LEU ceramic there were no differences among treatments. Application of MEP for 20 or 60 seconds produced no difference in Rv, Sa, Ca, and SBS for both ceramics. Surface treatments produced considerable differences in ceramic topography, but subtle ones in composition, for both ceramics. Conclusions: The results indicated that for FEL ceramic, MEP application for 60 seconds yielded higher SBS compared with HF etching, while for LEU ceramic the surface treatments did not influence the SBS results.
ResumoEste artigo apresenta uma pesquisa em curso, cujo objetivo geral é analisar a influência das avaliações externas nas práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens e no trabalho dos professores. O estudo decorre em 15 escolas públicas do ensino fundamental e médio regular, no Brasil, além da educação de jovens e adultos, em modular, na região de Itacoatiara, Amazonas. Estas escolas apresentam padrões de desempenho satisfatórios nos anos iniciais, mas o nível nos anos finais e ensino médio apresenta um declínio. Discutem-se os conceitos de avaliação interna e externa e suas implicações no trabalho docente. Palavras Chaves: Educação, avaliação, currículo. AbstractThis article presents an ongoing research whose general objective is to analyzing the influence of external evaluations on the practices of assessment, as well as in teachers'teaching. The study is carried out in 15 public primary and secondary schools in Brazil, in youth and adult education, in modular, in the region of Itacoatiara, Amazonas. These schools have satisfactory performance standards in the early years, but the level in the final and high school years declines. The concepts of internal and external evaluation and their implications in teaching are discussed. Keywords: Education. Evaluation. Curriculum. IntroduçãoA avaliação é um elemento primordial no processo de ensino aprendizagem, pois a nível micro é uma espécie de termómetro para avaliar as metodologias utilizadas pelo professor e, a nível macro, a avaliação externa serve para avaliar o próprio currículo.Existem, atualmente, na educação brasileira, dois processos distintos de avaliação: a avaliação interna, da responsabilidade da escola e a avaliação externa, da responsabilidade da Administração Central, ambas com metodologias diferenciadas, no entanto, com os mesmos objetivos: melhorar o processo, fazer com que o estudante adquira conhecimentos significativos e aumentar a qualidade da educação.Alguns estudos, a par da nossa experiência profissional, têm evidenciado que algumas escolas modificam a sua rotina de ensino-avaliação-aprendizagem, em função das avaliações externas, deixando de cumprir o que se determina nas propostas curriculares, a saber: o desenvolvimento e avaliação de competências, capacidades, atitudes e conhecimentos, para se focalizar nos conteúdos programáticos, a fim de obter bons resultados nas avaliações externas. Por outro lado, o cariz formativo, contínuo e de regulação da avaliação, dá lugar a lógicas gerencialistas, sumativas e de prestação de contas.Neste contexto, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar a influência das avaliações externas nas práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens e no trabalho dos professores. O estudo decorre em 15 escolas públicas do ensino fundamental e médio regular, além da educação de jovens e adultos, em modalidade modular, na região de Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brasil.Estas escolas atendem em média, dez mil alunos, nos turnos matutino, vespertino e noturno, com uma população de mais dois mil profissionais da educação, entre professores,...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.