Considerable research has examined risk factors for offending, but far less is known on the constellations of co-occurring risk factors, such as adverse childhood experiences and low self-control, and the overall continuity in risk between childhood/adolescence and adulthood. Using data on 735 adults incarcerated in a county jail in Florida, this study examines the latent heterogeneity in risk profiles using risk factors prominent in early years and adulthood, and whether risk profile severity changes across the early and adult risk models. Latent Class Analyses revealed three risk profiles (low, medium, high) in both the early and adulthood risk factor models. Transition probabilities indicate continuity in high and low risk in the early and adult models, while escalation was found for those in the low and medium early risk profiles. These findings demonstrate the importance of identifying and addressing risk factors at an early age to disrupt continuity and escalation in risk over the life-course.

Despite years of a downward trend in violent crime beginning in the 1990s, violent crime was alarmingly high in 2020. The considerable increase in violent crime comprised a staggering number of firearm-related violent crimes. Indeed, there were more than 19,000 gun-related homicides in 2020 [1]. This increase has subsequently resulted in much media attention, with many claiming the police killing of George Floyd and subsequent protests, COVID-19, and the increase in gun carrying contributed to the high violent crime rates

One unexamined aspect in gentrification and crime research is whether perceived crime declines in gentrifying neighborhoods are due to the displacement of crime into nearby areas. Using an innovative measure of gentrification, we examine whether Los Angeles neighborhoods identified as having gentrified between 2000 and 2018 experienced differential change in crime relative to neighborhoods that did not gentrify; and whether gentrification in spatially proximate neighborhoods influenced crime in the focal neighborhood, a sign of displacement. We found neighborhoods surrounded by gentrified neighborhoods saw an increase in property, but not violent, crime. The impact of spatial gentrification was not contingent on change in crime in the focal, suggesting the impacts of gentrification are spatially diffuse, but do not necessarily displace crime.

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