The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among Chinese American adolescents' discrimination experiences, cultural orientations, and delinquent behaviors. Data were collected from three hundred and eleven Chinese American adolescents (58% girls) and their parents when the adolescents were 7th or 8th graders and again 4 years later. The data analyses demonstrated that adolescents' perceptions of discrimination and victimization experiences were significantly related to their delinquent behaviors conditionally based upon their cultural orientation. Specifically, adolescents' high Chinese cultural orientation amplified the negative impact of discriminatory experiences on delinquent behaviors whereas high Western cultural orientation protected them against that impact. The significance of both ethnic and mainstream cultural orientations for understanding ethnic minority adolescents' adjustment and improving their adjustment outcomes is discussed.

Young children in Western cultures tend to endorse teleological (function-based) explanations broadly across many domains, even when scientifically unwarranted. For instance, in contrast to Western adults, they explicitly endorse the idea that mountains were created for climbing, just like hats were created for warmth. Is this bias a product of culture, or a product of universal aspects of human cognition? In two studies, we explored whether adults and children in Mainland China, a highly secular, non-Western culture, show a bias for teleological explanations. When explaining both object properties (Exp. 1) and origins (Exp. 2), we found evidence that they do. While Chinese adults restricted teleological explanations to scientifically warranted cases, Chinese children endorsed them more broadly, extending them across different kinds of natural phenomena. This bias decreased with rising grade level across first, second and fourth grade. Overall, these data provide evidence that children’s bias for teleological explanations is not solely a product of Western Abrahamic cultures. Instead, it extends to other cultures including the East Asian secular culture of modern-day China. This suggests that the bias for function-based explanations may be driven by universal aspects of human cognition.

Distress types are significant for asphalt pavement maintenance decision, and relationships among them can greatly influence the decision outcomes. In this study, to analyze the relationships among different distress types from a statistical point of view, 282 asphalt pavements with semirigid base structures in 23 regions of China were surveyed to identify 12 distress types, which were subsequently investigated by association rule mining. Results show that the distress types can be categorized into independent distress types (IDDTs), dependent distress types (DDTs), and rutting secondary distress types (RSDTs) based on the relationships. The relationships among IDDTs are the strongest, and those between IDDTs and DDTs, between rutting and RSDTs, and among depression, pumping, and raveling are also strong, while the others are weak. The weak relationships should be ignored, while the strong ones should be considered to reduce cost and guarantee accuracy of maintenance decision. The IDDTs are the most important distress types, so preventing them from occurring or maintaining them immediately can greatly preserve good performance of asphalt pavements. To help analyze the relationships, a distress-type system was established and verified. In conclusion, this work provides new insights to understand distress types.

No abstract

Resumen. Este documento realiza un estudio empírico de la traducción al español de los modismos chinos 4 , centrándose en el análisis de las versiones elaboradas por nativos y no nativos. Para ello, hemos utilizado seis obras literarias modernas chinas y sus traslaciones al español. Con la observación del corpus autoconstruido y las estadísticas cuantitativas matemáticas, este artículo revela las similitudes y diferencias que existen entre las versiones llevadas a cabo por los profesionales españoles y chinos en lo que se refiere a estrategias y métodos de traducción y parámetros de forma lingüística. Además, los resultados muestran la relación que hay entre el uso de ciertas estrategias y técnicas y la direccionalidad y presentan una serie de reglas estadísticas sobre los distintos parámetros formales, con lo que se consigue elaborar un complemento empírico útil para el estudio comparativo de la traducción directa e inversa. Palabras clave: traducción directa, traducción inversa, estrategias, métodos, parámetros lingüísticos de forma. An empirical study of the directionality of Chinese idioms translation based on corpus Abstract. This paper reports an empirical study of Spanish translation of Chinese idioms, focusing on the similarities and differences between translation into one's native language and non-native language. In this study, six Chinese modern literary works and their Spanish translations are used as the analysis object. Through the study of self-built small corpus and mathematical quantitative statistics, this paper reveals the similarities and differences between Spanish and Chinese translators' works in terms of translation strategies, translation methods and language form parameters. The results show the relationship between translation direction and translation strategies and methods, and present the statistical laws among various linguistic formal parameters. We have achieved an empirical complement to translation directionality studies.