Multiple antibiotics and mycotoxins usually simultaneously exist in foods, which poses a serious threat to human health. How to detect them in one test with high sensitivity and fidelity is challenging. In this study, we develop a dual readout lateral flow immunodetection platform that can quantitatively detect five kinds of antibiotics and five kinds of mycotoxins within one sample. The platform is composed of a chip and a portable readout instrument where gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based and chemiluminescence immunoassays could be performed to reach a maximum throughput of 220 analytes in one setting. For a rapid screen, qualitative analysis by detecting the color change of the deposited AuNPs on the chip could be realized. For quantitative results, chemiluminescence imaging and analysis can be completed within 15 min. Apart from the high throughput and high efficiency, this platform has a high detection sensitivity. For instance, the limit of detection (LOD) for thiamphenicol (a representative antibiotic) and fumonisins B1 (a representative mycotoxin) is 8 times and 40 times lower than those of the previously reported methods, respectively. Thus, this dual readout immunodetection platform is promising as a universal device for rapid and quantitative detection of multiple analytes with high throughput, high sensitivity, and high fidelity.

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is a highly promising method to enhance the catalytic performance of photocatalysts. As an earth-abundant metal element, bismuth (Bi) holds a great promise as an economically feasible substitute for expensive noble metals to prepare metal/semiconductor composite-based plasmon-enhanced photocatalysts, which urgently need promising semiconductors to couple with Bi. Herein, we demonstrate that covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be used as promising candidates to prepare high-performance Bi/COF plasmonic photocatalysts by providing large numbers of active sites for the in situ growth of non-noble metal Bi, exposing more active sites, and overcoming the problems of low active oxygen utilization and blocked charge transfer. As-prepared Bi/COF nanoheterojunctions not only show increased visible light harvesting, accelerated electron transfer, and retarded charge recombination but also well maintain the strong substrate adsorption capability of COFs, making the photocatalytic reactions work in an adsorption-assisted manner. Via a plasmon-sensitized hot electron injection-based photocatalytic mechanism, the proposed Bi/COF photocatalyst works well in the visible-light photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants with complete photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) within 70 min. This work not only provides a non-noble metal Bi-based plasmonic photocatalyst with excellent catalytic performance but also paves a promising way to construct adsorption-assisted photocatalytic systems by using COFs.