A multitude of studies in the management literature are focusing on within-person phenomena. The study of such phenomena offers great promise as within-person research facilitates the capacity to enhance temporal precision, show change over time, and reveal the kinds of novel insights that are not possible if relying solely on a traditional between-person perspective. Drawing on the features of within-person research that comprise its unique value proposition, we conduct a quantitative and narrative review of within-person studies to ascertain the degree to which these studies are maximizing the contribution and impact that they can make to the field of management. We pose three research questions that we present as a holistic framework for assessing the contributions of within-person research. To answer our questions, we synthesize across studies and analyze variability data, correlational data, and researchers’ hypothesizing to show (a) the degree to which hypotheses in within-person studies incorporate temporality; (b) the differential within-person fluctuation and variability that exists based on construct, theoretical, and measurement-related factors; and (c) the degree to which within-person relationships are different from equivalent between-person relationships. While our data and conclusions offer insight into the contributions being made by the within-person literature at large, we also propose that our framework can be used at the individual study level of analysis to help optimize the contributions made in future within-person research.

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Across multiple industries, bolted connections have been widely used to hold different parts and components together, due to their advantages such as convenient use and low cost. However, bolt looseness may lead to disastrous consequences if not promptly detected. In this article, a novel numerical modeling is proposed to simulate the piezoelectrically enabled active sensing method that can monitor the looseness of bolted connection, and this investigation can help us better understand the mechanism of the active sensing of a bolted connection. Compared to prior investigations, the main contribution of this article is that we develop a new three-dimensional modeling method on microscopic roughness of bolted interface by using the fractal contact theory. The numerical results, backed by experimental verification from the testing on a bolted joint, reveal that the received signal peak amplitude is proportional to the bolt preload. This phenomenon can be attributed to the enlarging actual contact area with the increasing preload, since a larger contact surface can enhance stress wave propagation. Moreover, the proposed numerical modeling has better performance than similar research in the past, which can provide guidance for future investigations on bolt looseness monitoring.