Based on the daily minimum air temperature (Tmin) data from the China Meteorological Data Network and the NCEP/DOE reanalysis data, the intra-seasonal circulation characteristics and evolution of extreme cold events (ECEs) in Northeast–North China (NE-N) during the winter of 1979–2018 are explored, and the synergistic effects of key circulation systems in the mid-high latitude on ECEs are discussed. The results show that: (1) the winter daily Tmin in the NE-N region presents a significant low-frequency period of 10–30 d; during the cooling phases, a pair of cyclone–anticyclone in the lower troposphere moves southeastward, accompanying the intensifying Siberian High, and leads to the abnormal northerly; the developing wave trains in the middle troposphere result in enhancing and maintaining cold air; furthermore, the situation of the upper tropospheric jet weakening in the north and strengthening in the south is favorable for cold air to move southward and accumulate in the NE-N region. (2) There are two wave trains in the Eurasian at 200 hPa level. The north one moves southeastward through the Ural Mountains to the coast of East Asia, with the upstream wave activity flux dispersing to NE-N region, causing the northeast cold vortex to develop. The south one with relatively weak intensity disperses the wave flux northward, and enhances the cold vortex. (3) The key circulation systems of ECEs are the Siberian High, the Ural Mountain Blocking High, the Northeast Cold Vortex, and the East Asian Subtropical Jet. The Ural Mountains Blocking High leads four phases earlier than low temperature, and the rest of the systems are basically in phase with low temperature. The synergistic effect of circulation systems will lead to extended-range cold in the NE-N region.