There are more than 1 billion people with disabilities worldwide, with 16% of children having some type of neurodevelopmental disorder (ND). In Mexico, 6% of the population presented some disability; however, there is a lack of data on ND in children under 5 years of age. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neurodevelopmental alterations in children under 5 years of age in urban, suburban, and rural populations from two states of Mexico. Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional design study. We included 501 clinically healthy children from 0 to 60 months of age, from urban, suburban, and rural populations from the state of Queretaro ( 201) and from the State of Mexico (300). Neurodevelopmental alterations were detected through the electronic N-PED system, exploring areas of neurological development of language, psychomotor, and sensory (auditory and visual). The positive subjects were clinically assessed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: A 14.7% prevalence of ND was found, with a significant difference between Queretaro (8.9%) and the State of Mexico (18.7%). Language alterations were significantly different for both states (4.9% and 16% for Queretaro and the State of Mexico, respectively). Conclusions: The prevalence of ND and language alterations presented significant differences between the two evaluated states.

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Periodic electroencephalographic patterns are discharges usually epileptiform in appearance, which occur at regular intervals associated with acute brain injury such as cerebral vascular disease and encephalitis. They are commonly classified as periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges, periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges bilateral independent, generalized epileptiform discharges, triphasic waves and stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic or ictal discharges. The aim of this study is to make a review of the periodic EEG patterns, emphasizing the importance of their recognition and clinical significance. The clinical significance of the periodic EEG patterns is uncertain, it is related to a variety of etiologies and suggest that these patterns are unequivocally epileptogenic in some cases and these patterns associated with poor prognosis. Their recognition and classification are important to establish an accurate correlation between clinical, neurological, laboratorial and neuroimaging data with the EEG results, which allow making adequate therapeutic benefit of critical patient behavior.