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Although reference broth microdilution protocol is currently available for filamentous fungi antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST), simpler alternatives as Etest(®) tend to be favoured in clinical routine, making their validation of utmost importance. In this study, Etest(®) method using 2% glucose supplemented Muller-Hinton agar was compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 protocol for filamentous fungi AFST. The echinocandins, caspofungin and anidulafungin, the azoles voriconazole and posaconazole, and the polyene amphotericin B were tested against 48 Aspergillus spp., seven Fusarium spp., one Beauveria bassiana and three Paecilomyces lilacinus isolates. The majority of the isolates were susceptible to the antifungals tested, and the overall level of agreement between the CLSI and Etest methods was 71.9% for one dilution and 99.7% when using two dilutions. Since interpretative breakpoints for filamentous fungi employing the CLSI or Etest methods are not available yet, the established epidemiological cut-off values for Aspergillus spp. were used to distinguish wild-type isolates from those with acquired resistance mechanisms. Forty-five Aspergillus strains did not evidence resistance mutations.

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The objective of the article is to contribute to a greater and deeper understanding of the ES conceptualisation. The relevance of the topic of Entrepreneurial Strategy (ES) stems from growing interest of society in entrepreneurship, which has become extensively discussed although the concept of ES is still poorly understood. Research Design & Methods:A systematic literature review (SLR) referring to 427 articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted. Findings: The results made it possible to identify five ES conceptual foundations: i) economic theory and entrepreneurship; ii) entrepreneurial strategies, concept -theory; iii) entrepreneurial strategies, framework -models; iv) entrepreneurial strategies, contexts -application; and v) entrepreneurial strategies, application -metrics. Implications & Recommendations: This SLR can help to highlight the gap in theories on ES, its conceptualisation and the fundamentals found in the literature. A research agenda is suggested for each ES foundation identified. Contribution & Value Added:The study is innovative given there have been no other identified SLR studies on the ES concept. The study attempts to contribute towards the literature by offering a model of interactions of the ES foundations. Article type:theoretical article

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