Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease worldwide, with a prevalence rate of 5%-15% in the general population. CRS is currently classified into two types: CRS with and without nasal polyps. CRS may also be divided into eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and non-ECRS subtypes based on the presence of tissue eosinophilic infiltration or not. There are significant geographic and ethnic differences in the tissue eosinophilic infiltration, which is predominant in Western white patients and less common in East Asians, despite an increasing tendency for its prevalence in East Asia countries. ECRS differs significantly from non-ECRS in clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and strategies, and underlying pathogenic mechanisms. ECRS commonly demonstrates more severe symptoms, polyp diseases with a higher incidence of bilateral polyps and sinonasal diseases on computed tomography, and the increase in blood eosinophils. ECRS is considered a special and recalcitrant subtype of CRS, commonly with poor treatment outcomes compared to non-ECRS. The differentiation of specific subtypes and clinical features of CRS will be important for developing novel treatment strategies and improving treatment outcomes for individual phenotypes of CRS. This review discusses clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ECRS in East Asians.

Abstract. We construct higher order rogue wave solutions for the Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation explicitly in term of determinant expression. Dynamics of both soliton and non-soliton solutions is discussed. A family of solutions with distinct structures are presented, which are new to the Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation.

We present determinant expressions for vector rogue wave (RW) solutions of the Manakov system, a two-component coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. As a special case, we generate a family of exact and non-symmetric RW solutions of the NLS equation up to third order, localized in both space and time. The derived non-symmetric doubly localized second-order solution is generated experimentally in a water wave flume for deep-water conditions. Experimental results, confirming the characteristic non-symmetric pattern of the solution, are in very good agreement with theory as well as with numerical simulations, based on the modified NLS equation, known to model accurately the dynamics of weakly nonlinear wave packets in deep water.

Abstract. The second-type derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLSII) equation was introduced as an integrable model in 1979. Very recently, the DNLSII equation has been shown by an experiment to be a model of the evolution of optical pulses involving self-steepening without concomitant self-phase-modulation. In this paper the n-fold Darboux transformation (DT) T n of the coupled DNLSII equations is constructed in terms of determinants. Comparing with the usual DT of the soliton equations, this kind of DT is unusual because T n includes complicated integrals of seed solutions in the process of iteration. By a tedious analysis, these integrals are eliminated in T n except the integral of the seed solution. Moreover, this T n is reduced to the DT of the DNLSII equation under a reduction condition. As applications of T n , the explicit expressions of soliton, rational soliton, breather, rogue wave and multi-rogue wave solutions for the DNLSII equation are displayed.

Abstract. In this paper, we provide a simple method to generate higher order position solutions and rogue wave solutions for the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The formulae of these higher order solutions are given in terms of determinants. The dynamics and structures of solutions generated by this method are studied.