In recent years, deep learning has been widely applied for mammographic image classification. However, most of the existing methods are based on a single mammography view and cannot sufficiently extract discriminative features, thereby resulting in an unsatisfactory classification accuracy. To solve this problem and improve the mammographic image classification performance, we propose a novel multi-view convolutional neural network (CNN) based on multiple mammography views in this paper. Considering that the images acquired from different perspectives contain different and complementary breast mass information, we modify the CNN architecture to exploit the complementary information from the various views of mammography. The new architecture can extract discriminative features from the mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) views of the mammographic images and can effectively incorporate these features for mammographic images. The dilated convolutional layers enable the feature maps extracted from the multiple breast mass views to capture information from a large ''field of vision''. Moreover, multiscale features are obtained by using the convolutional and dilated convolutions. In addition, we incorporate a penalty term into the cross entropy loss function, which enables the model evolution to reduce the misclassification rate by enhancing the contributions of the samples misclassified in the training process. The proposed method was evaluated and compared with several state-of-the-art methods on the open Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits a better performance than those of the state-of-the-art methods.INDEX TERMS Medical image processing, mammographic image, deep learning, convolutional neural network.

In recent years, computer vision technology has been widely used in the field of medical image processing. However, there is still a big gap between the existing breast mass detection methods and the real-world application due to the limited detection accuracy. It is known that humans locate the regions of interest quickly and further identify whether these regions are the targets we found. In breast cancer diagnosis, we locate all the potential regions of breast mass by glancing at the mammographic image from top to bottom and from left to right, then further identify whether these regions are a breast mass. Inspired by the process of human detection of breast mass, we proposed a novel breast mass detection method to detect breast mass on a mammographic image by stimulating the process of human detection. The proposed method preprocesses the mammographic image via the mathematical morphology method and locates the suspected regions of breast mass by the image template matching method. Then, it obtains the regions of breast mass by classifying these suspected regions into breast mass and background categories using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The bounding box of breast mass obtained by the mathematical morphology method and image template matching method are roughly due to the mathematical morphology method, which transforms all of the brighter regions into approximate circular areas. For regression of a breast mass bounding box, the optimal solution should be searched in the feasible region and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is suitable for solving the problem of searching the optimal solution within a certain range. Therefore, we refine the bounding box of breast mass by the PSO algorithm. The proposed breast mass detection method and the compared detection methods were evaluated on the open database Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to all of the compared detection methods in detection performance.

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Deep learning has been widely used in the field of mammographic image classification owing to its superiority in automatic feature extraction. However, general deep learning models cannot achieve very satisfactory classification results on mammographic images because these models are not specifically designed for mammographic images and do not take the specific traits of these images into account. To exploit the essential discriminant information of mammographic images, we propose a novel classification method based on a convolutional neural network. Specifically, the proposed method designs two branches to extract the discriminative features from mammographic images from the mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal (CC) mammographic views. The features extracted from the two-view mammographic images contain complementary information that enables breast cancer to be more easily distinguished. Moreover, the attention block is introduced to capture the channel-wise information by adjusting the weight of each feature map, which is beneficial to emphasising the important features of mammographic images. Furthermore, we add a penalty term based on the fuzzy cluster algorithm to the cross-entropy function, which improves the generalisation ability of the classification model by maximising the interclass distance and minimising the intraclass distance of the samples. The experimental results on The Digital database for Screening Mammography INbreast and MIAS mammography databases illustrate that the proposed method achieves the best classification performance and is more robust than the compared state-ofthe-art classification methods.