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O presente capítulo objetiva investigar o fenómeno do Click Bait: uma das estratégias mais utilizadas por alguns jornalistas da atualidade para tornar os títulos das notícias (headlines) mais atrativos aos olhos dos leitores, avaliando os seus impactos na comunidade online. Em primeiro lugar, o capítulo estuda as redes sociais, debruçando-se sobre o poder que estas facultam aos profissionais de marketing na publicação, difusão e partilha da informação. Em seguida, o fenómeno do Click Bait é contextualizado historicamente, sendo estudada a sua origem enquanto Yellow Journalism, tipo de jornalismo caraterístico do século XIX apoiado no sensacionalismo e na exageração dos factos para aumentar as vendas. Por último, é feita uma análise ao próprio Click Bait enquanto fruto da aplicação virtual das técnicas sensacionalistas típicas do Yellow Journalism. Esta secção estuda as metodologias de construção semântica aplicadas às headlines. Com base na literatura existente, conclui-se que o recurso a determinadas fórmulas de construção de headlines resulta num aumento significativo na taxa de cliques. Estes resultados podem ser benéficos para a publicadora, visto que um maior número de visitas aumenta os ganhos provenientes dos anúncios online, mas também podem ser problemáticos, dado que o uso excessivo de headlines hiperbólicas pode levar a que os leitores se sintam manipulados.

The interest in cultivating seaweed in European seas as source of food, feed and feedstock for the biobased economy is growing. Amongst the species investigated is kelp, also known as sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima or Laminaria saccharina. The European kelp sector is relatively small, compared to the global production and use, yet growth of the sector is aimed for. An inevitable question for European seaweed producers is how they can compete in the global seaweed value chain. This paper assesses to what extent the European strategy for growing the kelp sector matches with the dynamics of current kelp value chain. The global value chains (GVC) framework is applied to study how the global kelp sector is organized, including analysis of trends in science and patents. The upgrading strategy deployed by the European sector is critically evaluated against this framework. The analysis points towards various dividing lines between the established kelp cultivation and processing industry in Asia and the (far smaller) nascent cultivation and processing industry for high-value applications. These represent two unconnected worlds. Chain or intra-sectoral upgrading to spur the European kelp sector could occur if European food sector engage more closely with the European producers. Those bring financial power and a broader client base to the table and are instrumental in linking production to the demands of end-users.

Background and Aim: Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is a well-established noninvasive investigation for significant coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cardiac Doppler parameters in predicting CAD. Methods: We prospectively studied 103 consecutive patients with suspected CAD based on typical symptoms; 59 proved to have CAD, and 44 patients proved to have no-CAD (n = 44). All patients underwent a complete stress Doppler echocardiographic examination. Total isovolumic time (T-IVT) as a marker of cavity dyssynchrony and wall motion score index (WMSI) were also calculated. Results: At peak dobutamine stress, the compromised LV longitudinal excursion (MAPSE), systolic septal and lateral velocities (s’), and diastolic indices were more pronounced in the CAD patients compared with those without CAD, but LV dimension did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). The WMSI was higher and t-IVT more prolonged in patients with CAD (p < 0.01 for both). Similarly, the changes were more pronounced in patients with significant CAD compared with insignificant CAD. On multivariate model, Δ mean s’, OR 2.016 (1.610 to 3.190; p < 0.001), Δ E velocity OR 2.502 (1.179 to 1.108; p < 0.001), Δ t-IVT 2.206 (1.180 to 2.780; p < 0.001) and Δ WMSI OR 1.911 (1.401 to 3.001; p = 0.001) were the most powerful independent predictors of the presence of CAD, particularly when significant (>75%). Δ mean s’ < 5.0 was 85% sensitive, 89% specific with AUC 0.92. Respective values for Δ E velocity <6.0 cm/s were 82%, 90% and 0.91; for Δ t-IVT > 4.5, 78%, 77% and 0.81 and for Δ FT ≥ 150 ms, 76%, 78% and 0.84 in predicating significant CAD. WMSI ≥ 0.7 was 75% sensitive, 77% specific with AUC of 0.81 in predicting significant CAD. The accuracy of DSE was higher in significant CAD compared to insignificant CAD (80% vs. 74%; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Compromised LV longitudinal systolic function, lower delta E wave, prolonged t-IVT, and increased WMSI were the most powerful independent predictors of the presence and significance of CAD. These finding strengthen the role of comprehensive DSE analysis in diagnosing ischemic disturbances secondary to significant CAD.

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