INTRODUCTION Techniques for thyroidectomy have evolved remarkably over the past 150 years. This is currently considered to be a very safe operation with favorable results when performed by experienced surgeons. 1 Hypocalcemia as a result of hypoparathyroidism is the most common postoperative complication of thyroidectomy. Hypoparathyroidism is considered to be transient if recovery occurs within days, weeks or a few months; or permanent when calcium levels do not return to normal within six months after surgery. 2,3 Transient hypoparathyroidism is seen in 0.3 to 49% of the patients undergoing thyroidectomy, whereas permanent hypoparathyroidism is less likely and has been reported in up to 13% of the cases. 4-8 The established risk factors for hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy are advanced age, female sex, size of the thyroid gland, substernal goiter, Graves' disease, surgical technique (de-vascularization, excision or other inadvertent damage of the parathyroid glands), central compartment dissection, reoperation, less experienced surgeon and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in the preoperative period. 9-18 Most thyroid surgeons provide calcium supplementation based on postoperative calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels, or presence of symptoms, whereas others routinely prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplementation after thyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcemia symptoms. 12,13,19 In a randomized study involving 143 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, it
Introducción: el nódulo tiroideo es un hallazgo común en la actualidad, cuya incidencia viene en aumento. El objetivo principal durante la evaluación es distinguir el nódulo benigno del maligno. Materiales y métodos: se hizo una revisión narrativa de la literatura mediante búsqueda en Ovid, Medline y Lilacs desde 1950 a 2010. Resultados: la mayoría de los nódulos tiroideos son benignos, solo 4% a 8% de los casos pueden ser malignos. Los nódulos mayores de un centímetro se deben estudiar mediante aspirado con aguja fina; sin embargo, se deben tener en cuenta las características clínicas del paciente y las características ecográficas del nódulo. Entre los factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de nódulo están la edad por encima de 45 años, el sexo femenino y el tabaquismo. No se recomienda la medición de marcadores tumorales en el estudio de los pacientes con nódulo tiroideo. Conclusión: la ecografía de tiroides y el aspirado con aguja fina son los métodos diagnósticos más importantes en la evaluación del nódulo tiroideo y han permitido cambiar las conductas terapéuticas disminuyendo el número de tiroidectomías innecesarias. El tratamiento y el pronóstico dependen de los factores de riesgo y de los hallazgos citológicos y patológicos.
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