L'auteure de ce texte propose un bilan critique des analyses ayant marqué la réflexion sur l'identité francophone en milieu minoritaire. Elle s'intéresse de façon particulière à trois approches à partir desquelles la sociologie a conceptualisé le fait ethnique ou l'identité en milieu minoritaire francophone au Canada : la première s'appuie sur l'histoire et l'expérience du groupe ; la deuxième tente de cerner les conditions de production de l'identité ethnique et la troisième s'intéresse à la définition de l'identité au niveau politique et à la façon dont l'individualisme travaille la sociabilité francophone hors Québec. Elle constate que l'analyse de la question identitaire est loin d'être achevée et conclut en la nécessité d'approfondir davantage les moments de rupture et de fragmentation qui caractérisent l'évolution de la francophonie au Canada.The author of this paper proposes a critical appraisal of analyses which have made their mark in thought on Francophone identity in minority situations. She is particularly interested in three approaches by which sociology has conceptualized ethnicity or identity in the Francophone minority context in Canada. The first of these approaches is based on the history and the experience of the group; the second attempts to define the conditions for the production of ethnic identity, and the third looks at the definition of identity at the political level and the way in which individualism shapes Francophone sociability outside Quebec. The author observes that the analysis of the identity question is far from finished and concludes with the necessity of delving more deeply into the points of breakdown and fragmentation which characterize the evolution of Francophone communities in Canada.La autora de este texto propone un balance crítico de los análisis que han marcado la reflexión sobre la identidad francófona en medios minoritarios. La autora se interesa particularmente en tres puntos de vista a partir de los cuales la sociología a conceptualizado el hecho étnico o la identidad al interior de un medio minoritario francófono en Canadá : el primer punto de vista se apoya sobre la historia y la experiencia del grupo ; el segundo intenta captar las condiciones de producción de la identidad étnica y el tercero se interesa en la definición de la identidad a nivel político y en la manera por la cual el individualismo trabaja la sociabilidad francófona fuera de Québec. La autora constata que el análisis de la cuestión de la identidad está lejos de haber sido completado y concluye afirmando la necesidad de profundizar aún más los momentos de ruptura y de fragmentación que caracterizan la evolución de la francofonía en Canadá

This paper is an elaboration of a theoretical framework we developed in the introductory chapter of our co-edited volume, State Traditions and Language Regimes (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2015) . Using a historical institutionalism approach derived from political science, we argue that language policies need to be understood in terms of their historical and institutional context . The concept of 'state tradition' focuses our attention on the relative autonomy of the state in terms of its normative and institutional traditions that lead to particular path dependencies of language policy choices, subject to change at critical junctures . 'Language regime' is the conceptual link between state traditions and language policy choices: it allows us to analytically conceptualize how and why these choices are made and how and why they change . We suggest that our framework offers a more robust analysis of language politics than other approaches found in sociolinguistics and normative theory . It also challenges political science to become more engaged with scholarly debate on language policy and linguistic diversity .

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