This paper discusses the contaminants that were detected in gnotobiotic lambs reared for up to 5 months.

A detailed descript!on is presented of equipment for rearing and studying gnotobiotic lambs up to 5 months of age. APPARATE ZUR AUFZUCHT VON GNOTOBIOTISCHEN LAMMERN Es handelt sich um eine detaillierte Beschreibung von Apparaten zur AufZllcht und Beobachtung von gnotobiotischen Uimmern bis ZlIm Alter von 5 Monaten. L'EQUIPEMENT POUR ELEVER LES AGNEAUX GNOTOBIOTIQUES On presente une description detailll~ede I'equipment pour elever et etudier les agneaux gnotobiotiques jusqu'a I'age de 5 mois.

The 7-h fecal coliform (FC) test for detection of FC organisms in water was evaluated to establish its validity and usefulness for emergency and disaster situations. The waters tested consisted of routine samples collected for public health surveillance and enforcement purposes. A total of 984 water samples from throughout California were assayed. These included samples from coastal salt waters, rivers, canals, and reservoirs, in addition to potable and miscellaneous freshwater sources. A portion of each sample was tested concurrently by both the 7-h FC test and the most-probable-number FC five-tube test. The 7-h FC test samples were incubated for 7 to 7.25 h at 41.5°C. Overall, greater than 90% agreement was obtained between the methods in determining whether the water quality was acceptable or unacceptable. Statistical analysis of the 984 samples confirmed that the 7-h FC method was a suitable alternative to the most-probable-number FC method for evaluation of freshwater samples. During emergencies or disasters, the 7-h FC test could provide a means for detection of fecal contamination of water with results available in less than 1 day.

Techniques are described for rearing, sampling and studying gnotobiotic lambs up to 5 months of age. TECHNIKEN FUR DIE AUFZUCHT GNOTOBIOTISCHER L.:i..MMER Die Techniken filr Aufzucht, Probenentnahme und Studium von gnotobiotischen Uimmern bis zum Alter von 5 Monaten werden mitgeteilt. LES TECHNIQUES POUR ELEVER LES AGNEAUX GNOTOBIOTIQUES Les techniques ont signale pour elever, echantillonner et etudier les agneaux gnotobiotiques jusqu'a I'age de 5 mois. 239 Gnotobiotic lambs have been reared in this laboratory since] 968 (Alexander & Lysons, 1971) and since 1970 they have been used for experimental studies of rumen microbiology, digestion, and development. In all, 3 classes of lamb have been used, namely lambs kept free of normal rumen bacteria (Alexander & Lysons, 1971), lambs given a limited defined rumen microflora (Lysons, Alexander, Hobson, Mann & Stewart, 1971), and lambs kept free from rumen bacteria for 7 weeks and then given rumen contents from conventional sheep (called here 'conventionalised' lambs). This report is concerned solely with techniques, and constant reference is made to a recent report in this journal (Alexander, Lysons, Elliott & Wellstead, 1973) which described the equipment in detail. TECHNIQUES Lambs were obtained by hysterectomy and reared in large flexible-film isolators on canned cows' milk and sterile water until they were 4 to 10 weeks of age. They were fed solid early-weaning lamb diets, which had been sterilized by gamma radiation, for a period before milk-feeding was stopped until death.