Como qualquer obra clássica, Children and the politics of culture, organizado por Sharon Stephens, tece reflexões pertinentes a debates teóricos que vão bem além do tema central. Os colaboradores deste volume trazem uma contribuição importante não somente para a pesquisa de uma categoria emocionalmente carregada, "infância", mas também para todo trabalho voltado para o papel do Estado na mediação de diferenças culturais e desigualdades políticas e econômicas. Já na sua introdução, a organizadora avisa que os cientistas sociais escrevendo nesse livro têm ume preocupação comum : explicitar o conteúdo político de um assunto que é frequentemente sentimentalizado ou visto como "natural". Assim, levam a análise além da discussão ariesiana habitual para perguntar por que, em determinados contextos, privilegiam-se certas representações da infância e não outras. Em certos artigos, a criança serve como ponto de partida para falar sobre formas de discriminação contra um determinado grupo étnico ou nacional. Assim, por exemplo, vemos a maneira particular como crianças e adolescentes deslancharam os eventos históricos de Soweto na Africa do Sul e como foram violentamente reprimidos. Também vemos como os filhos de imigrantes turcos na Alemanha sofrem a pior forma de exclusão por não gozarem plenamente dos direitos de cidadão em nenhum dos países entre os quais transitam. E, no artigo final do livro, a organizadora mostra, através da análise de desenhos e entrevistas com crianças, como o debacle nuclear a Chernobyl acabou influenciando não somente a vida material, mas a própria identidade étnica, das populações indígenas sami quando tiveram que eliminar de seu regime alimentício a carne contaminada das renas. Em outros artigos, enfocam-se a infância como etapa específica de preparação para a vida, com analises centradas no sistema educacional. Por exemplo, o artigo por Norma Field descreve a tremenda pressão que as crianças japonesas sofrem para alcançarem êxito escolar. Desde a comercialização de
author's modified "devil's handwriting" hypothesis.Steinmetz offers a powerful explanation of the psychological and social mechanisms by which representations of indigenous populations shaped colonial policy. Psychological cross identification of the colonizer with the colonized could lead to what Steinmetz presents as relatively benign colonial rule, for example in Samoa or in China after 1905, or to gross brutality, as when General Lothar von Trotha and others responsible for the Herero genocide identified with what they supposed to be the merciless barbarism of their victims. Steinmetz also shows how native policy was shaped socially, through competition in the German "colonial field" among three German ruling class factions: the nobility, the economic bourgeoisie, and the educated bourgeoisie. The struggle among these groups played itself out in a competition for what Steinmetz calls "ethnographic acuity," a form of cultural capital. The Devil's Handwriting persuasively analyzes a number of cases in which competition among ruling class factions in the German colonies took the form of competing claims to ethnographic acuity and led to decisive shifts in colonial policy. The most dramatic, perhaps, was the fall of Governor Theodor Leutwein in Southwest Africa, a member of the educated bourgeoisie, who unsuccessfully opposed the genocidal strategy of the aristocratic General Trotha.Steinmetz is careful to distinguish his analysis of cultural capital and intra-class conflict, for which he relies on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, from political economic analyses in the Marxist tradition. The author presents his focus on ideal determinants of colonialism as an alternative, rather than a complement, to political, economic, as well as geopolitical, analyses. This either/or framing is a weak spot of the book, which on several occasions caricatures as crudely utilitarian analyses that, for the author, accord culture too little causal power. The Devil's Handwriting thus rejects on principle economic and political factors that might, in fact, have allowed for a more thorough discussion of the contradictory and self-contradictory political, economic, and cultural logics of colonialism. This sense of what the book might have been should not distract readers, however, from what it is: an extraordinarily well-researched, carefully argued, creative, and sophisticated analysis.
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