The highly infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 poses a severe threat to humanity and demands the redirection of scientific efforts and criteria to organized research projects. The international COVID19-NMR consortium seeks to provide such new approaches by gathering scientific expertise worldwide. In particular, making available viral proteins and RNAs will pave the way to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 molecular components in detail. The research in COVID19-NMR and the resources provided through the consortium are fully disclosed to accelerate access and exploitation. NMR investigations of the viral molecular components are designated to provide the essential basis for further work, including macromolecular interaction studies and high-throughput drug screening. Here, we present the extensive catalog of a holistic SARS-CoV-2 protein preparation approach based on the consortium’s collective efforts. We provide protocols for the large-scale production of more than 80% of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins or essential parts of them. Several of the proteins were produced in more than one laboratory, demonstrating the high interoperability between NMR groups worldwide. For the majority of proteins, we can produce isotope-labeled samples of HSQC-grade. Together with several NMR chemical shift assignments made publicly available on covid19-nmr.com, we here provide highly valuable resources for the production of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in isotope-labeled form.

Understanding the conformational sampling of translation-arrested ribosome nascent chain complexes is key to understand co-translational folding. Up to now, coupling of cysteine oxidation, disulfide bond formation and structure formation in nascent chains has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the eye-lens protein γB-crystallin in the ribosomal exit tunnel. Using mass spectrometry, theoretical simulations, dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that thiol groups of cysteine residues undergo S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and form non-native disulfide bonds. Thus, covalent modification chemistry occurs already prior to nascent chain release as the ribosome exit tunnel provides sufficient space even for disulfide bond formation which can guide protein folding.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. Ever increasing data is continuing to emerge about the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular tissue and other organ system. Clinical features associated with COVID-19 suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis are to a large extent contributing to resultant multi-organ complications. This review is aimed at highlighting the critical aspects associated with COVID-19 and its presumed microvascular angiopathic consequences on the cardiovascular system leading to multi-organ dysfunction.

SARS‐CoV‐2 (SCoV2) and its variants of concern pose serious challenges to the public health. The variants increased challenges to vaccines, thus necessitating for development of new intervention strategies including anti‐virals. Within the international Covid19‐NMR consortium, we have identified binders targeting the RNA genome of SCoV2. We established protocols for the production and NMR characterization of more than 80% of all SCoV2 proteins. Here, we performed an NMR screening using a fragment library for binding to 25 SCoV2 proteins and identified hits also against previously unexplored SCoV2 proteins. Computational mapping was used to predict binding sites and identify functional moieties (chemotypes) of the ligands occupying these pockets. Striking consensus was observed between NMR‐detected binding sites of the main protease and the computational procedure. Our investigation provides novel structural and chemical space for structure‐based drug design against the SCoV2 proteome.

Recovery of cardiac function is the ultimate goal of heart failure therapy. Unfortunately, cardiac recovery remains a rare and poorly understood phemomenon. Herein, we performed single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) from non-diseased donors and heart failure patients. By comparing patients who recovered LV systolic function following LV assist device implantation to those who did not recover and donors, we defined the cellular and transcriptional landscape and predictors of cardiac recovery. We sequenced 40 hearts and recovered 185,881 nuclei with 13 distinct cell types. Using pseudobulk differential expression analysis to detangle cell specific signatures of cardiac recovery, we observed that recovered cardiomyocytes do not revert to a normal state, and instead, retain transcriptional signatures observed in heart failure. Macrophages and fibroblasts displayed the strongest signatures of recovery. While some evidence of reversion to a normal state was observed, many heart failure associated genes remained elevated and recovery signatures were predominately indicative of a biological state that was unique from donor and heart failure conditions. Acquisition of recovery states was associated with improved LV systolic function. Pro-inflammatory macrophages and inflammatory signaling in fibroblasts were identified as negative predictors of recovery. We identified downregulation of RUNX1 transcriptional activity in macrophages and fibroblasts as a central event associated with and predictive of cardiac recovery. In silico perturbation of RUNX1 in macrophages and fibroblasts recapitulated the transcriptional state of cardiac recovery. This prediction was corroborated in a mouse model of cardiac recovery mediated by BRD4 inhibition where we observed a decrease in macrophage and fibroblast Runx1 expression, diminished chromatin accessibility within peaks linked to the Runx1 locus, and acquisition of recovery signatures. These findings suggest that cardiac recovery is a unique biological state and identify RUNX1 as a possible therapeutic target to facilitate cardiac recovery.