5-28]). Multivariate modeling showed that genetic factors also have a substantial influence on fasting glucose levels (51%). However, HbA 1c heritability could not be explained by genes in common with fasting glucose. In the patients with type 1 diabetes, HbA 1c levels were correlated in 33 MZ twins concordant for diabetes (r ‫؍‬ 0.68; P < 0.001) but also in 45 MZ twins discordant for the disease (r ‫؍‬ 0.52; P < 0.001). These significant correlations for HbA 1c in both concordant and discordant pairs indicate a diabetesindependent familial effect. Thus, HbA 1c levels are largely genetically determined and independent of the genes influencing fasting glucose. Even in type 1 diabetes, familial (i.e., diabetes-independent) factors influence protein glycation, implying that familial factors may explain, in part, the risk for microvascular complications, as indicated by high HbA 1c levels.

Thermoregulatory parameters during exercise are typically reported as global responses (Tcore and mean Tsk). In contrast, this study investigated regional skin temperatures (Tsk) over the body, in relation to regional skinfold thickness and regional perceptual responses for both sexes using a body-mapping approach. Nine males and nine females, of equivalent fitness, minimally clothed, ran for 40 minutes at 70% VO2max in a 10°C, 50% rh, 2.8 m.s-1 air velocity environment. Tsk was recorded by infrared thermography and processed to obtain population-averaged body maps. Rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously throughout the running trial. Skinfold thickness was obtained for 24 sites and thermal sensation votes for 11 body regions. Males and females had similar rectal temperature, heart rate and regional sensations. Whole-body maps of Tsk highlighted the significantly lower regional Tsk for females (-1.6°C overall, p<0.01). However, the distribution of Tsk across the body was similar between sexes and this was not correlated with the distribution of skinfold thickness, except for the anterior torso. On the other hand, regional thermal sensation votes across the body were correlated with Tsk distribution during exercise (females: r = 0.61, males r = 0.73, p<0.05), but not at rest. Our thermographic results demonstrate the similar Tsk distribution for active males and females during submaximal running in the cold, though shifted to a lower mean value for females. This Tsk distribution was associated with regional sensations but not with local fat thickness. The described body-mapping approach can have implications in physiological modelling and clothing design 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 and heart rate were monitored continuously throughout the running trial. Skinfold thickness was 9 obtained for 24 sites and thermal sensation votes for 11 body regions. 10Males and females had similar rectal temperature, heart rate and regional sensations. Whole-body 11 maps of T sk highlighted the significantly lower regional T sk for females (-1.6°C overall, p<0.01). 12However, the distribution of T sk across the body was similar between sexes and this was not correlated

The velocity of angiotensin generation during incubation for 3 h at 37 °C increased up to 600% if plasma (EDTA) from normal men was first preincubated for 3 days at 4 °C. Longer preincubation (9–31 days) generally resulted in additional potentiation that continued to be expressed during incubation periods of 3–48 h at 37 °C. The effect is not abolished in the presence of up to 200 μg/ml of neomycin sulfate. Recovery of synthetic angiotensin I added to both cold-stored and control plasma is about 90% after 3 h of contact at 4 °C. The cause of potentiation has not been established, but possibilities under investigation include renin activation and preferential degradation of a renin inhibitor.

To review the literature on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injections (MDI) to help the family of a 13‐year‐old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus on MDI choose the best insulin delivery method for her to improve her glycaemic control. A literature search was performed to assess available evidence regarding CSII use versus MDI use for glycaemic control. We identified 15 relevant articles and present these, with a detailed analysis of a multicentre randomised controlled trial by Mueller‐Godeffroy et al. Although CSII use demonstrated a reduction in HbA1c (−0.18 to −0.7%) in some studies compared to MDI, this finding was not consistent across all studies. Mueller‐Godeffroy et al. did not find a statistically significant different in HbA1c between CSII and MDI patients; however, additional benefits of insulin pump therapy, including improved diabetes‐related quality of life and reduced care giver burden, were reported. Further high‐quality randomised controlled trials and long‐term data are required to assess the benefits of CSII over MDI and the longevity of these methods.

Activity and positional specificity of a rat plasma phospholipase on phosphatidylethanolamine. Cm. J. Biochem. 51,855-862 ( 1973 ) .Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), rich in arachidonk acid, has been proposed by others as a physiologically important inhibitor of the renal enzyme renln that circulates in blood. Intravenously infused phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) has proposedly inhibited the acute pressor effect of injected renin in rats, suggesting a rapid conversion of PE to arachidmate-rich LPE by blood phospholipase activity. Therefore a definition of the activity was attersrpteb. Incubation at 37 "C, pH7.7-7.9, of a highly purified, aaP-labeled rat liver PE added to fresh rat plasma (heparin) in diethyl ether (0.2 ml/ml plasma) or sodium deoxycholate solution (5 mg/ml plasma) indicated that one phospholipase was dominant, and its activity greater when deoxycholate, rather than ether, was present. Lysophospholipase activity was negligible in either case. Two milliliters of plasma (with deoxycholate) deacylated 47% of 1.5 mg PE (approximately 2 pmol) during 24 min of incubation. Fresh serum had higher activity than corresponding plasma, suggesting activation associated with blood coagulation. C-2 specificity was demonstrated by selective removal of the label from 2-[1-C'4]arachidonoyl rat liver PE, without concurrent cholesterol esterification, and by virtually identical cornpositions (gas-liquid chromatography) of fatty acids removed from PE by plasma or by C-2 specific snake venom phospholipase (Crotalus atrox). Our data appear to rule out C-1 specific post-heparin phospholipase and also C-2 specific lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) , and we present a plasma phospholipase Aa that is highly active against PE and creates an arachidonate-poor LPE. presumably not a renin inhibitor. OSMOND, D. H., HOLUB, B. J., et Ross, L. J. Activity and positional specificity of a rat plasma phospholipase on phosphatidylethanolamine. Can. 9. Biochern. 51, $55-862 (1973 ).D'apr&s certains auteurs, la lysophosphatidylCthanola~ne (LPE), riche en acide arachidonique, serait un important inhibiteur physiologique de Ia rCnine, enzyme rCnal en circulation dans le sang. L'infusion intraveineuse de phosphatidylCthanolamine (PE) inhiberait l'effet presseur aigu de la rCnine injectCe 5 des rats, ce qui suggZre une conversion rapide de la PE en LPE riche en arachidonate grAce A l'activitk ghospholipasique sanguine. Nous avons alors tent6 de dCfinir cette activitC. Une PE hautement purifiCe de foie de rat, marquCe au 8aP et ajoutCe 2 du plasma (hCparinC) frais de rat est incubBe 2 37 "C et A pH 7.7 A 7.9 dans 1'Cther dikthylique (0.2 ml/ml de plasma) ou dans une solution de dCsoxycholate de sodium (5 mg/ml plasma). On observe alors la prkdominance d'une phospholipase dont l9activitC est plus grande en prCsence du dCsoxycholate qu'en prCsence de l'Cther. L'activitC de la lysophospholipase est nCgligeable dans le deux cas. Deux ml de plasma (avec la dCsoxycholate) dhacyle 47% de 1.5 mg de PE (environ 2 pmol) en 24 min &incubatio...