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In Europe and Africa, fine grained use wear and residue analyses of various organic bead technologies have provided remarkable information about specialist artisans and their affiliate communities. Ethnographic research suggests that personal ornaments represent one of the best ways to explore past human interactions and ethno-linguistic diversity. The study of material culture featured in rock art is now well established in Australia, but few detailed analyses have concentrated on personal ornaments recovered from the archaeological record. Fewer still have assessed the potential of this medium for assessing regional variations, despite rich ethnographic histories which point to the significance of these objects for self-differentiating communities and/or clans. This paper examines a collection of painted shark vertebrae beads recently discovered during archaeological survey in Arnhem Land. Detailed morphometric and use wear analysis is presented for these ornaments, alongside Aboriginal oral traditions, and assessment of similar artefacts held in museum collections across Australia. The potential of this combined approach within the Australian context is discussed, including how these studies add to our understanding of group signifying behaviour.

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This chapter explores the nature of current research models relating to Indigenous collections held by cultural institutions. I present insights into how two museum collections have been pivotal to the aspirations of Lamalama people – those of Herbert Hale and Norman Tindale (South Australian Museum, Adelaide); and of Donald Thomson, whose field material from Port Stewart in 1928 through to 1932 is on loan to Museum Victoria, Melbourne. In this chapter I reveal the value of applying a cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary research framework that brings together academic, curatorial and Indigenous interests, all of which are connected through the long standing relationships and close friendships between anthropologists and key Lamalama elders, many now passed away.