Four different types of intramolecular MX´´´HC interactions have been observed in a series of five, structurally very similar, orthometalated iridium(iii) and rhodium(iii) complexes. For X H and M Ir or Rh, two-center or three-center interactions with MH´´´HC distances of 1.80 ± 1.83 (M Ir) or 2.00 ± 2.20 (M Rh) were observed. For X Cl the MCl´´´HC distances of the three-center arrangement (M Ir) were in the range of 2.38 ± 2.60 , while values of 2.41 ± 2.89 were found for the four-center geometry (M Rh). These weak interactions open new perspectives for the mechanism of cyclometalations.

We found high spatial heterogeneity in the hydrological response to 30-year afforestation and vegetation greening in China.

Current methods for mass-rearing black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory are dependent on sunlight. Quartz-iodine lamps and rare earth lamps were examined as artificial light sources for stimulating H. illucens to mate and lay eggs. Sunlight was used as the control. Adults in the quartz-iodine lamp treatment had a mating rate of 61% of those in the sunlight control. No mating occurred when the rare earth lamp was used as a substitute. Egg hatch for the quartz-iodine lamp and sunlight treatments occurred in approximately 4 days, and the hatch rate was similar between these two treatments. Larval and pupal development under these treatments required approximately 18 and 15 days at 28°° C, respectively. Development of methods for mass rearing of H. illucens using artificial light will enable production of this fly throughout the year without investing in greenhouse space or requiring sunlight.

The mechanisms causing European heatwaves in recent years, particularly their differences among several heatwaves, are poorly understood. Here atmospheric circulation anomalies and soil moisture-temperature coupling during the summer 2018 heatwave are comprehensively examined and compared with the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves using ERA5 reanalysis, model simulations, and eddy covariance flux measurements. We show that the 2018 heatwave successively affected northern and central Europe, and the peak temperature in Finland and northwest Russia broke historical records of the past 40 years. Although three heatwaves were all initially triggered by atmospheric circulation anomalies, the strong moisture-temperature coupling were found to further strengthen the 2003 and 2010 heatwaves. This coupling was also strong in central Europe during 2018 heatwave, but was weak in the northern European center of the heatwaves. The high temperature in 2018 was mainly due to increases in the amount of net surface radiation caused by the clear skies associated with reduced precipitation. Furthermore, we also find that land cover plays a critical role in determining the occurrence and strength of soil moisture-temperature coupling. Cropland/grassland depletes soil moisture more readily than forests, thereby triggering a more rapid release of sensible fluxes as observed during 2018 heatwave. Plain Language SummaryIn summer 2018, Europe was attacked by strong heatwave. This heatwave successively affected northern and central Europe, and temperature in Finland and northwest Russia broke historical records. Similar with heatwaves happened in 2003 and 2010, the 2018 heatwave was triggered by atmospheric circulation anomalies. However, different from the strong soil moisture-temperature coupling during 2003 and 2010 heatwaves, this coupling was relative weak in northern Europe during 2018 heatwave because of the relatively small soil moisture deficits.

Cobalt(II) porphyrin complexes were shown to be general and efficient catalysts for selective cyclopropanation of alkenes with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). The catalytic system can operate with alkenes as limiting reagents, requiring only stoichiometric amounts of EDA. The protocol is performed in one-pot fashion without the need of slow addition of EDA. The diastereoselectivity of the current system can be tuned by using different porphyrin ligands or additives, giving either trans- or cis-dominant cyclopropanes. The asymmetric cyclopropanation was also demonstrated with the use of chiral cobalt porphyrin complexes.