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Diverse quantitative models have been applied to analyse emission trading system, as the top effective climate change policy. This paper is the first attempt to present a comprehensive literature review on full-scale types of quantitative models in emission trading system research. The models dominating emission trading system-related literature could be categorized as optimization models, simulation models, assessment models, statistical models, artificial intelligences and ensemble models. Using different quantification and solution tools, these models complemented and enriched each other in serving the various agents involved in emission trading system and facilitating their respective emission trading system related works: the government to design emission trading system policies, enterprises to participate in emission trading system and goods markets, third parties to regulate emission trading system and emission trading system markets involving different agents. For each agent, a systematic analysis is provided on research hotspots (the challenges to address), quantitative models (to describe the problems and find the results), main findings (the policy implications from the models) and future research (potential improvements on existing models). Some interesting conclusions are obtained. (1) Generally, China was the largest contributor to emission trading system research using quantitative models (representing 35.71% of the total articles). (2) The research hotspots were decision making by enterprises under an emission trading system (20.92%), spillovers amongst emission trading system and other markets (17.54%) and allowance allocation by the government (12.52%). (3) Popular quantitative models included various optimization models (32.00%) and simulation models (29.64%). Highlights：• A variety of quantitative models have been applied to ETS research.• A comprehensive review on full-scale types of models in ETS research is presented.• Optimization, simulation, assessment, statistical, AI & ensemble models were built.• Models helpfully served the government, enterprises, third parties & market in ETS.• For each agent, hotspots, models, main findings and future research are analysed.

We investigate the influence of the interdigital transducer (IDT) structure on the amplitude of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) in a SAW device. The SAW amplitude at the entrance of the quantum point contact (QPC) is obtained by using coupling-of-modes theory and p-matrix method. The calculated results indicate that a device with an IDT with a relatively small aperture, large pairs of IDT fingers, and short distance between the active IDT and the QPC, the SAW amplitude is typically enhanced under the same radio frequency (rf) power. Based on these results, we design the corresponding SAW devices, and good agreement is achieved between the experimental data and the numerical results. In experiment, for the devices with optimal IDTs, the rf powers required to observe the quantized acoustoelectric current are reduced; correspondingly, the rf heating effect is reduced. Most importantly, the improvement of the accuracy of the quantized plateau is achieved.

The stability of thin interfacial SiO2 layers in directly bonded silicon wafer pairs is investigated by means of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results are explained by using a classical nucleation theory. It is shown that the interfacial oxide layers in bonded Czochralski (CZ) grown silicon wafer pairs is structurally more stable than those in bonded float‐zone (FZ) silicon wafer pairs. The effect of internal diffusion of the oxygen atoms in the silicon wafers on the interfacial oxide layers is demonstrated to be negligible. The higher stability of the interfacial layers in CZ silicon wafer pairs is attributed to the higher concentration of interstitial oxygen which can resist the disintegration by increasing the system free energy.

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