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Water potential (Pa) refers to the Gibbs free energy of water per unit volume relative to free water. In soil, water is not inert to soils but instead unfailingly interacts with them, giving rise to enormous complexities in understanding soil behavior. Such interaction between soil and water is conventionally quantified via the concept of soil water potential, which is defined as the free energy change per unit volume of water when moving from the free water state to the soil water state (Noy-Meir & Ginzburg, 1967). In the past decades, soil water potential is treated as a cornerstone concept in soil physics, unsaturated soil mechanics, poromechanics, and vadose zone hydrology, and is adopted as the state variable in modeling multiphase and multiphysical processes occurring in soil and many other porous media, for example, water retention behavior (e.g.

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Objectives Although corrective osteotomy with volar or dorsal plate fixation can treat malunion of distal radius fractures, each has its own disadvantages. Little is currently known on whether dorsal fixation combined with volar fixation may further improve recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of corrective osteotomy combined with volar and dorsal plate fixation in patients with malunion of intra‐articular fractures of the distal radius. Methods Seventeen patients with malunion of intra‐articular fractures of the distal radius treated with corrective osteotomy with volar and dorsal plate fixation from 1 January 2016 to 31 November 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The enrolled patients included seven males and 10 females with an average age of 54.9 years (range: 36–70 years). The radiographic parameters, including the radial length, the radial inclination angle, the ulnar variance, and the volar tilt, as well as clinical outcomes, including wrist and forearm range of motion (ROM), grip strength, the Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS), and the disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, were examined at 3 months and 18 months after operation and compared with the preoperative state. The paired t ‐test was used for statistical analysis. Results After corrective osteotomy combined with volar and dorsal plate fixation, all included patients were followed up for 18 months, and there was no surgical site infection. Patients reported postoperative pain due to the irritation of extensor tendon (two cases) and wrist arthritis (two cases). The radial length increased from 1.34 ± 2.34 mm to 9.25 ± 2.65 mm and 9.03 ± 2.47 mm at 3 months and 18 months postoperatively ( t = 8.257, 7.954, all p < 0.05). The radial inclination angle increased from 6.45° ± 0.76° to 19.35° ± 3.43° and 19.03° ± 3.63° at 3 and 18 months ( t = 12.517, 12.122, all p < 0.05). The ulnar variance decreased from 5.11 ± 0.23 mm to 1.32 ± 0.31 mm and 1.54 ± 0.62 mm at 3 and 18 months ( t = 4.214, 4.895, all p < 0.05). The volar tilt was corrected from 4.47° ± 3.46° to 15.51° ± 2.72° and 14.12° ± 2.41°, respectively ( t = 11.247, 10.432, all p < 0.05). Moreover, wrist ROM increased from 42.53° ± 8.99° to 98.70° ± 7.61° and 101.24° ± 7.66° ( t = 41.433, 46.627, all p < 0.05), while forearm ROM was increased from 94.82° ± 6.54° to 134.47° ± 5.06° and 137.24° ± 5.52°, respectively ( t = 31.507, 32.584, all p < 0.05). Similarly, grip strength, MMWS, and DASH were also remarkably improved. There were no significant differences in the wrist and forearm ROM, grip strength, MMWS, and DASH scores between follow‐u...