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How to design a simple and scalable procedure for manufacturing multifunctional carbon-based nanoparticles using lignocellulosic biomass directly is a challenging task. Based on the green chemistry concept, we developed a novel one-pot solution-phase reaction to prepare carbon-encapsulated magnetic nano-Fe3O4 particles (Fe3O4@C) with a tunable structure and composition through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of Fe2+/Fe3+ loaded rattan holocelluloses pretreated with ionic liquids (EmimAc and AmimCl). The detailed characterization results indicated that the Fe3O4@C synthesized from the holocelluloses pretreated with ionic liquids (ILs) under alkaline conditions tends to have a higher saturation magnetization, probably due to the increased iron ions loading. Moreover, increasing the HTC temperature led to an increased abundance of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the synthesized particles and an elevated saturation magnetization. When EmimAc-treated holocelluloses were used as the carbon precursors, well-encapsulated Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were obtained with a maximum saturation magnetization of 42.6 emu/g. This synthetic strategy, coupled with the structure of the iron carbide-based composite and the proposed mechanism, may open a new avenue for the development of carbon-encapsulated iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles.

The radially gradient variation in the cellulose supramolecular structures of bamboo culm were systematically studied by XRD and the confocal Raman microspectroscopy. XRD analysis indicated that bamboo yellow (By) has the isotropic crystallite arrangements, while outer bamboo timber (Bt) and bamboo green (Bg) display preferred orientation of crystals. Moreover, both the crystallinity and crystallite sizes notably grow from the inner By to the outer Bg. Raman band ratio (I 1095 /I 2939 ) was used to predict micro brils angle (MFA) in different cell wall types, semi-qualitatively. The results showed that the ratio was the highest in parenchyma, followed by narrow layer of ber wall, and the lowest in the broad layer, which indicated the higher MFA in the parenchyma. Interestingly, the ratio decreased along the successive and alternating broad and narrow lamellae of ber wall, in accordance with cell wall micromechanical trend. The ndings will favor the large-scale utilization for the bamboo-based exible composites.

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