Launois L, Veslot J, Irz P, Argillier C. Selecting fish‐based metrics responding to human pressures in French natural lakes and reservoirs: towards the development of a fish‐based index (FBI) for French lakes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 120–132. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Fish‐based indices of biotic integrity have been developed for many lotic systems but remain scarce for lakes. The goal of this study was to assess the responses of lentic fish assemblages to anthropogenic pressures when environmental variability was controlled for and to compare them between French natural lakes and reservoirs. Environmental features, catchment‐scale anthropogenic descriptors and fish data were collected from 30 natural lakes and 59 reservoirs throughout France. Functional fish metrics were regressed against both anthropogenic variables and the natural environmental conditions. Our results show that fish assemblages are appropriate ecological indicators for both natural and artificial lakes. They underline the necessity to control for the environment when developing indices at broad geographical scales. The relevant metrics differ between natural lakes and reservoirs, which challenges the attempts to use natural systems as references to assess the ecological potential of artificial ones.
Résumé -Pour évaluer l'état des masses d'eau, la Directive Cadre Européenne sur l'Eau requiert l'utilisation de bioindicateurs adaptés à des systèmes homogènes d'un point de vue environnemental. Nous présentons ici une classification de plans d'eau basée sur des paramètres environnementaux naturels connus pour structurer l'ichtyofaune. Ensuite, un premier essai de sélection de métriques piscicoles, par analyse de la réponse aux pressions anthropiques s'exerçant sur les bassins versants, est décrit pour deux types de petits plans d'eau français, i.e. les lacs naturels plutôt profonds et de forme arrondie, situés à des altitudes moyennes et des retenues peu profondes, à berges découpées et situés à très faible altitude. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants car les richesses en espèces phytophiles et tolérantes répondent bien aux pressions anthropiques. Cependant, cette approche présente des limites. En effet, certains types de milieux identifiés dans cette étude ne regroupent que peu de plans d'eau ; d'autres conservent une certaine variabilité environnementale à même d'influencer l'ichtyofaune. D'autre part, le nombre de sites pas ou peu perturbés est parfois restreint, voire nul pour le groupe des retenues peu profondes, à berges découpées, de très faible altitude. Enfin, entre les différents groupes typologiques, les gammes de pressions observées, sont elles-mêmes distinctes. Ces résultats devront être validés mais la recherche d'une solution alternative à cette approche typologique, pour évaluer l'état des plans d'eau, devrait être envisagée. Mots clés -bioindication, communauté piscicole, lac naturel, réservoir, typologieAbstract -In order to assess the ecological status of water bodies, the Water Framework Directive requires the development of bioindicators adapted to homogenous ecosystems with respect to their environmental conditions. A lake typology based on environmental parameters known to influence fish communities is presented; a first approach to select fish based metrics by analysing their response to the anthropogenic pressures exerted on the watershed is then described for two types of small French lakes, i.e. deep natural lakes at high altitude with shoreline development factors (SLDF) close to 1, and shallow reservoirs at low altitude, showing high SLDF. Our results are encouraging, because phytophilic and Article publié par EDP Sciences 112 L. Launois et C. Argillier tolerant species richnesses respond well to anthropogenic pressures. However, this approach has also limits. Indeed, some of the lake types studied are composed of only a few lakes and among other types environmental variability is still important and can influence fish communities. Moreover, the number of sites that are not or less impacted by anthropogenic pressures is sometimes restricted or even null for shallow reservoirs showing high SLDF but low altitude. Finally, anthropogenic pressure gradients themselves are distinct between the different types of lakes. These results need to be validated but an alternative approach t...
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