Regulating intermediates through elaborate catalyst design to control the reaction direction is crucial for promoting the selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐CH4. M−C (M=metal) bonds are particularly important for tuning the multi‐electron reaction; however, its construction in nanomaterials is challenging. Here, via rational design of in situ anchoring of Cu SAs (single atoms) on the unique platform graphdiyne, we firstly realize the construction of a chemical bond Cu−C (GDY). In situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry and DFT calculations confirm that due to the fabrication of the Cu−C bond, during CO2 reduction, the formation of *OCHO intermediates is dominant rather than *COOH on Cu atoms, facilitating the formation of CH4. Therefore, we find that constructing the Cu−C bond in Cu SAs/GDY can supply an efficient charge transfer channel, but most importantly control the reaction intermediates and guide a more facile reaction pathway to CH4, thereby significantly boosting its catalytic performance. This work provides new insights on enhancing the selectivity for CO2RR at the atomic level.

Epidemiological studies have found obesity to be a risk factor for women's breast cancer. The present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between serum levels of leptin, insulin, and lipids and breast cancer incidence, in order to find experimental evidence that would be helpful in the diagnosis and prevention of breast cancer. Blood samples were collected from 130 patients with mammary disease and 103 healthy control subjects. Serum leptin, insulin, and lipids were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and Biochemistry Auto-analyzer, respectively. The data analysis was performed by use of the SPSS10.0 computer software. We found that the serum levels of leptin, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) were clearly higher in patients with breast cancer than in patients with benign breast disease and healthy controls, while serum HDL-C levels were lower in breast cancer patients (p < 0.03). Moreover, serum leptin levels were significantly correlated with BMI (body mass index) among three groups, whereas serum insulin levels were unrelated to BMI among three groups. Furthermore, the serum levels of leptin and insulin were not associated with menopausal status in patients with mammary disease (p > 0.05); however, the serum levels of F-Chol, T-Chol, TG, LDL-C, and APOB were significant higher in postmenopausal cases than those in premenopausal cases (p < 0.025). Interestingly, logistic regression analysis showed that subjects with elevated serum levels of leptin, insulin, TG, APOA1, and reduced level of serum HDL-C displayed increased risk of developing breast cancer than those with the normal levels, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggested that aberrant serum levels of leptin, insulin, and lipids might play an important role in carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The elevated serum levels of leptin, insulin, TG, APOA1, and reduced level of serum HDL-C may be correlated with increased risk of breast cancer, suggesting that one way of preventing breast cancer would be carried out by controlling the intake of food.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between trace elements and the incidence of cervical cancer. Tissue and serum levels of six elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Se) and the Cu/Zn ratio in 40 cases of patients with cervical cancer, 30 cases of uterine myoma, and 50 healthy subjects were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; the selenium content was determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the tissue contents of Zn, Se, and Ca were significantly lower and the Cu and Fe concentrations and Cu/Zn ratio were significantly higher in cervical cancer tissue than that for paired nonlesion tissue (p<0.02 and p<0.001, respectively). The serum levels of Zn, Se, Ca, and Fe were lower and Cu and Mn levels and Cu/Zn ratio were higher in patients with cervical cancer than in healthy subjects (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) and in the uterine myoma group compared with healthy subjects (p<0.05-0.001). There are no significant differences in the contents of six elements and the Cu/Zn ratio between uterine myoma tissue and paired nonlesion tissue. The results showed also that the Fe level and Cu/Zn ratio were significantly higher and the Zn and Se levels were significantly lower in cervical cancer tissue than in uterine myoma tissue (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). The serum Cu level and Cu/Zn ratio were significantly higher in the cervical cancer group than the uterine myoma group (p<0.01). Data were also analyzed using multivarate logistic regression. After adjustment for age, occupation, life habit, and other covariates for the development of cervical cancer, the odds ratios were 22.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.64-90.88, p=0.001) for Cu, 0.11 (95% CI: 0.034-0.373; p=0.005) for Zn, and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.36-0.99, p=0.01) for Se. Thus, the serum and tissue levels of Cu increase and the deficiency of Zn and Se may be risk factors for the development of cervical cancer.

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