This concluding chapter summarises central findings of the volume and discusses avenues for future research. It first presents the insights of the individual chapters and demonstrates for each part of the book how the chapters speak to each other. It then highlights selected key findings, discusses theoretical implications more generally and identifies questions and subject areas for future research.
Whether infringement procedures are suitable to enforce the EU’s foundational values is contested. According to critics, they lead to a miscategorisation of the problems because rule of law concerns are reframed as concrete EU law violations. Others see infringement procedures as a powerful alternative to the Article 7 procedure, stressing their potential to depoliticise rule of law-related conflicts. As we still lack systematic studies on the deployment and effects of infringement procedures in rule of law related cases, this chapter analyses all seven procedures with rule of law relevance launched against Hungary since 2010. It analyses whether the Commission indeed miscategorised the cases and how the Hungarian government reacted legally and rhetorically. The findings cast doubt on the premises that the procedures depoliticise the conflicts and that the correct categorisation of rule of law problems could induce compliance with the EU’s foundational values.
This opening chapter introduces the subject matter and objectives of the book. It first explains central terms and provides an overview of the different illiberal trends in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It then sketches recent conflicts between EU actors and the four East Central European states and explains why these conflicts are of a new quality. Next, it summarises the state of research on illiberal backsliding and on the EU’s tools against it and identifies shortcomings and gaps in the literature. Finally, it outlines the aims as well as the overall structure of the book and provides an overview of the contributions.
Die europäische Einigung hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten atemberaubende Fortschritte gemacht und für eine zunehmende Zahl von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern Frieden, Wohlstand und Freiheit in Sicherheit gewährleistet. Dabei war es keine Besonderheit, dass sich Phasen rasch aufeinander folgender Integrationsschritte mit, teilweise langen, Phasen der Stagnation abwechselten. Seit einigen Jahren sieht sich das Einigungswerk mit "multiplen Krisen" 1 und immensen politischen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Die aktuelle Situation stellt auch für die Europawissenschaften eine Herausforderung dar. Denn bisher standen Krisen, Stagnations-und Rückbauphasen, auch aufgrund der Annahme, dass die Europäische Union aus ihnen stets gestärkt hervorging, kaum im Fokus der Theoriebildung. 2 Auf der Suche nach Erklärungen für die aktuellen Entwicklungen werden neuere Integrationstheorien wie der Postfunktionalismus 3 und die Ansätze zur flexiblen Integration 4 herangezogen. Konventionelle Theorien der europäischen Integration werden auf ihre (impliziten) Annahmen über mögliche Ursachen und Mechanismen der Desintegration geprüft. 5 Erklärungen aus anderen Theoriesträngen, etwa der Forschung über die Stabilität
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