Soil, water, and amphibian tissues collected between 1995 and 1999 from 15 study sites in Bermuda were analysed for pesticides and heavy metals. The most abundant pesticide residue in soil was p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) which was found at all sites in concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 4.023 p.p.m. No pesticide residues were found in water. DDE was also recovered from the livers and fat bodies of marine toads (Bufo marinus) and whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei). Analyses of food sources consumed by these anuran species revealed residue levels of p, p'-DDE ranging from 0.05 to 0.217 p.p.m. Other soil residues included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) at eight study sites, Dicofol(kelthane) at eight sites, dieldrin at five sites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as Arochlor 1254 and Arochlor 1260 at seven sites. Analyses of toad livers revealed significant concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc. Livers of Bermuda toads exhibited altered hepatocytic morphology and an increased number of melanomacrophages and possible granulomas, while spleens showed a marked decrease in white pulp. Spleen cells from Bufo marinus collected at one site having high levels of cadmium exhibited a decreased B cell response to lipopolysaccharide. The incidence of trematode infection in Bufo marinus increased from 53.8% in 1995 to 90% in 1999. Deformity rates in the limbs of subadult and adult toads ranged between 15 and 25%. Examination of 1,995 newly-metamorphosed toads revealed deformity rates as high as 47%. The current comprehensive study suggests that environmental pollutants may account for immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to infections, limb malformations and possible decline in amphibian populations from Bermuda.

AU By.-D;-t ibution I Avallabfitiy CodesAva.f- For many shortage indicators, the source of the data is also important. For example, school districts have little incentive (and some large disincentives) to collect and report information on how many teachers are assigned to teach subjects in which they are not certified. Thus, it is not surprising that teachers' own accounts of their certification status reveal awuch higher levels of out-of-field teaching than do district reports.-viIn sum, the form in which shortage data are collected and reported affects how they are later interpreted. While one picture of the supply and demand situation may engender complacency, a closer look may create concern. Additionally, reliance on untested assumptions produces different perspectives on the current situation and different prognoses for the future. TRENDS IN TEACHER SUPPLY AND DEMANDBetween 1972 and 1985, the number of students graduating with bachelors' degrees in education decreased by more than half. There were only half as many graduates with science education degrees and only one-fourth as many with mathematics education degrees. However, these data provide only a partial indicator of teacher supply, as they ignore those individuals who receive degrees in fields other than education but become certified to teach. One analysis, for example, suggests that in 1979, only 21 percent of the recent college graduates who were eligible to teach mathematics or science actually majored in mathematics or science education. The data also show a decline in this supply source through 1985, but information is not routinely reported by subject-matter field.Another adjustment to supply estimates must occur at the point of labor-force entry. Only about 50 percent of recent college graduates who are trained to teach are teaching fulltime one year after graduation, and entry rates are even lower for those trained in mathematics. (Comparable data are not available for science teachers.) While gross trends in supply are discernible from these data, it is difficult to quantify precisely the magnitude or adequacy of supply.On the demand side, teacher turnover creates the single largest source of new teacher demand. Measures of teacher turnover, however, have been inconsistent and have been inconsistently applied to demand projections. Based on three different turnover rates estimated from different sources, anywhere from I million to 1.5 million new teachers might be needed over a five-year period. Whatever estimate is correct, other evidence suggests that the turnover rate is higher for mathematics and science teachers, particularly in those fields that have a wider range of non-teaching job options.Data on teacher turnover also do not distinguish between more and less permanent types of turnover. Teachers who leave teaching temporarily constitute one component of the reserve pool; another major component consists of individuals who switch from other fields into teaching at mid-career or after retirement. There are no reliable national-level...

Bulimarexia (bulimia, or the binge-purge syndrome) is characterized by frequent binge eating during which an inordinate amount of food is consumed in a relatively short period of time (Boskind-Lodahl & White, 1978). In an attempt to rid oneself of the dreaded calories, the bulimarexic typically purges by self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or fasting. Secondary characteristics such as perfectionism, isolationism, a strong commitment to please others, a negative body image, and lowered self-esteem following the binge-purge ritual have also been delineated (White & Boskind-White, 1981).Estimates of the incidence of bulimia vary depending on the population under investigation and on the way the syndrome is operationally defined. Female college students have received most of the research attention, primarily because of the convenience of sampling this population and because college women are within the age range in which anorexia and bulimarexia have historically been evidenced (Casper, 1983). Furthermore, students possess the sociocultural characteristics believed to be pathognomonic of bulimarexiaa concern with thinness, insecurities caused by separation from family, strong interest in pleasing others, particularly the opposite sex, and strong achievement motivation (Boskind-White & White, 1983).To date, reported research studies and clinical observations regarding the binge-purge syndrome have been conducted exclusively with white college students. It has not yet been empirically determined whether black women have the same incidence Requests for reprints should be sent to William C. White,

No abstract

This article is a first step in identifying the diverse sources of teacher supply, the magnitude of the flow form each source, and the characteristics of the teachers that enter or reenter from each source. The analysis uses data on all full-time teachers in Indiana from 1965 to 1988, as well as a survey of new hires in 1987-1988. Our data suggest that experienced teachers (both returning and migrating) have constituted an important source of supply-at present they account for almost 60% of all new hires. Inexperienced teachers appear to be delaying entry into teachingthey have become increasingly older over time, with over a third of them being 35 years old or older. These findings have important implications for teacher recruiting in the future as retirements increase and the reserve pool begins to shrink.