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In this work, more than 70 wt % of ferromanganese slag (containing 40 wt % CaO) was used to synthesize high-calcium, CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) glass ceramics. The effect of SiO2/CaO on the structure, crystallization behavior and microstructure of high-calcium, CMAS, slag glass ceramics was studied by IR, NMR, DSC, XRD and SEM. The results showed that in the high-calcium, CMAS glass ceramics, the main existing forms of silicon–oxygen tetrahedra (Qn) were Q0 and Q1. With the increase in the SiO2/CaO, Qn changed from Q0 and Q1 (main units) to Q1 (main units) and Q2, and then to Q1 and Q2 (main units). The polymerization degree of Qn changed from low to high, making the glass more stable, which led to the increase in crystallization temperature and the decrease in crystallization kinetic constant (k) and frequency factor (υ). At the same time, the change in the Qn structure resulted in a gradual change to the main crystal, from akermanite to diopside–wollastonite.

Combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer in a vertical air cavity with a hexagonal honeycomb core of negligible thickness are investigated numerically. The numerical methodology is based on an algebraic coordinate transformation and finite volume technique. Temperature of the honeycomb core wall is determined such that radiation, convection, and conduction energy balances on the core wall are satisfied. The computations were performed for Ra~10 3_10 5 , for an aspect ratio of H / L = I, for Pr =0.7, and for a wide range of emissiuisies. Heat transfer rates by both convection and radiation are presented as a function ofemissivity, and the effect ofradiation on the natural convection is discussed. The results showed natural convection is affected by radiation although the layer is filled with a transparent gas. This effect is accentuated in the case of a very thin wall.