The purpose of this review was to study the mechanisms of development, clinical features and treatment of psychotic disorders during the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In the first part of the review, especial attention was paid to the available literature data on the mechanisms of development of mental disorders in COVID-19. Among the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the onset of psychotic disorders in coronavirus infections, there are direct effects of a viral infection (including a brain infection), cerebrovascular diseases, hypoxia, an immunological response, the consequences of medical interventions, social isolation, the psychological impact of a severe and potentially fatal illness, fears of infecting another’s and stigmatization. The second part of the publication is devoted to a review of clinical studies and syndromokinesis in infectious and coronavirus psychoses. Particular attention is paid to delirious syndrome, including pharmacogenic delirium and antibiotic-associated encephalopathy. The article describes the features of therapy for psychotic disorders in COVID-19, taking into account drug‑drug interactions and the effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The analyzed literature allows us to make a reasonable conclusion that the management of coronavirus psychoses should be aimed at treating the underlying disease while eliminating psychotic symptoms with antipsychotics while ensuring maximum safety of psychopharmacotherapy.
This article is devoted to the personality traits of foreign students of higher medical education at various stages of their studies. The follow-up was carried out from 2019 to 2020. In the new took the fate of 154 foreign workers who were trained on the basis of the Dnipro State Medical University. In the field, at the stage of training, the stench was divided into two groups: foreign auditory trainees (group 1) and foreign health workers of 1-2 courses (group 2). The work used the method of a semi-structured clinical interview with a questionnaire specially developed by us and the method of “Accentuation of personality character and temperament” by Leonhard-Shmyshek (1970). According to the results of a clinical and psychopathological study, it was established that the norm was observed 12 times more often in subjects of group 1, while in subjects of group 2, R53 was observed 2 times more often and F43.22 was observed 2.3 times more often. That is, the tendency of the gradual deepening of the psychopathological process during the transition to the next stage of education was outlined. The statistical homogeneity of the studied groups 1 and 2 in relation to personality types was also established, which indicated a more pronounced influence of external factors in the genesis of the formation of psychopathological disorders. Therefore, the results obtained by us emphasize the need for the development of preventive measures, early diagnosis and correction of adjustment disorders of foreign students of higher education at various stages of education.
The aim of the work was to conduct a psychometric study of civilians that experienced psychosocial stress in a military conflict to assess the patterns of clinical and psychopathological signs of adjustment disorders. 109 persons with diagnosed mental disorders of cluster F43.2 — adjustment disorders have been examined the participants have been divided into three groups: widows of military personnel (6 persons), relatives of combatants who returned to peaceful life (71 persons), and internally displaced persons (IDP) — 32 persons. To assess the severity of psychopathological symptoms, the Symptom Check List-90‑Revised L. R. Derogatis (SCL‑90-R), adapted by N. Tarabrina and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) were used. The study has revealed a low level of symptomatic disorders in all participants, but with higher indicators on the scales of somatization, obsessive- compulsive disorder, anxiety and phobic anxiety in the IDP group, on the scale of depression — in the group of relatives of combatants who returned to a peaceful life. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression has revealed mild depression in widows of military personnel and IDP; in relatives of combatants who returned to a peaceful life, the quantitative value of the indicator has corresponded to the absence of depression signs. Discrepancy at the objective and subjective assessment of the level of depression in the participants has been established. The identified patterns of clinical and psychopathological characteristics of adjustment disorders should be taken into account while developing therapeutic, rehabilitation and preventive measures for civilians that exposed to psychosocial stress in a military conflict.
У дискусійній статті розглянута проблема діагностики і терапії депресії в осіб похилого віку. Депресія — один із найпоширеніших розладів, що зустрічаються в загальномедичній практиці. Депресія є четвертою провідною причиною захворюваності та інвалідності, до 2020 року депресивні розлади посядуть друге місце в інтеграційній оцінці тягаря хвороб, який несе світова спільнота. В осіб похилого віку депресія є найбільш поширеним психічним розладом. У середньому поширеність депресії у літніх пацієнтів становить 12,3 %, прогресивно збільшуючись при погіршенні соматичного статусу та інвалідизації. Літні жінки страждають депресією у два рази частіше, літні чоловіки з депресією мають найвищий ризик завершеного суїциду. Наведено інформацію про те, що депресія ускладнює процес реабілітації, погіршує результати лікування, прогноз і перебіг соматичних захворювань, є фактором ризику розвитку деменції, підвищує ризик суїцидальної поведінки. Вік призводить до модифікації клінічної картини депресії у літніх людей. Для експрес-діагностики депресії у літніх людей використовується геріатрична шкала депресії. Терапія депресивних розладів базується на фармакотерапії, психоосвітніх програмах для пацієнтів та їх родичів, а також на психотерапії та психокорекції. При виборі антидепресантів для лікування депресивних розладів у літніх пацієнтів слід керуватися принципами ефективності та безпеки. Антидепресанти з групи селективних інгібіторів зворотного захоплення серотоніну мають доведений профіль безпеки та ефективності порівняно з іншими групами антидепресантів. Есциталопрам має високі показники результативності та частоти ремісії, оптимальний для профілактики рецидивів, що робить його препаратом вибору для терапії літніх пацієнтів із депресією.
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