This article takes as its starting point the similar, yet differing, experiences of hearing voices among prisoners in Myanmar. It discusses why the experience of hearing voices described by prisoners is regarded as an occasion to share compassion when it occurs during meditation retreats and as torture when it occurs in solitary confinement. The article uses the concept of liminality to make sense of variations in these spiritual experiences and focuses on three factors: the presence or absence of communitas; a master of ceremony or other guidance; and whether the experiences take place at the volition of the person or is forced upon him. This leads to the conclusion that solitary confinement, due to its forced nature and the absence of communitas and guidance, represents a situation in which the prisoner is at risk of prolonged liminality and social harm which can unhinge him from his interrelational self.
Resumo Este artigo discute o conceito de “acesso” no contexto da etnografia. A concepção de Schatz do acesso como a identificação do ponto de observação mais próximo é o fundamento da discussão sobre 15 meses de trabalho de campo realizado em Myanmar para um estudo de experiências de encarceramento que obteve pouco acesso a essas instituições. O artigo vai além de uma compreensão de acesso definida em termos de um foco em dentro e fora e demonstra como acessar um campo a partir de vários pontos de observação possibilita várias perspectivas e qualifica compreensões nuançadas. O artigo demonstra como espaço, tempo e relações interpessoais afetam os pontos de observação acessíveis ao pesquisador. Adicionalmente, ele conclui que trabalhar com egressos prisionais após sua liberação oferece pontos de observação potencialmente claros que são inacessíveis dentro de prisões.
This commentary applauds Held’s (2020) argument for the importance of considering the risk of epistemological violence implicit in psychology. In addition, this commentary suggests the argument can be furthered by looking to the ontological turn within anthropology and considering not only the risk of epistemic, but of ontological violence in psychological research as well as in therapeutic practice. Lastly, this commentary questions whether academics, in their often privileged positions will ever be able to go beyond the structural violence of hegemonic structures or if change should come from below.
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