The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has radically changed the human activities worldwide. Although we are still learning about the disease, it is necessary that primatologists, veterinarians, and all that are living with nonhuman primates (NHP) be concerned about the probable health impacts as these animals face this new pandemic. We want to increase discussion with the scientific community that is directly involved with these animals, because preliminary studies report that NHP may become infected and develop symptoms similar to those in human beings.
Leishmaniasis is considered a parasitic disease that still causes serious consequences for mankind, because it presents a high mortality rate worldwide. Considered multi-hosts, the parasites of the genus Leishmania are able of infecting a wide variety of animal species. The dog was considered the main source of infection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in the urban area. However, the role of other animal species in the epidemiological cycle of the disease, such as cattle, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in 100 bovines (Bos taurus) from an area endemic for canine VL, using blood culture and molecular analysis. By the sequencing analysis, one sample showed 100% similarity with Leishmania infantum. The results provide the first case of L. infantum isolation in one bovine from the periurban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV), doença negligenciada de caráter crônico e sistêmico, causada pelo parasita Leishmania spp. representa um problema de saúde pública, principalmente em países com população vulnerável, como o Brasil. Devido à urbanização de grandes centros, cães configuram um importante reservatório no ciclo urbano, precedendo casos humanos e contribuindo para a manutenção de casos de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC). Entretanto, poucos inquéritos sorológicos somados à analise espacial envolvendo a população humana e animal foram descritos no município de Três Lagoas. Diante disso, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar e descrever a ocorrência da infecção natural por Leishmania spp. na população canina domiciliada e humana de Três Lagoas – MS, Brasil, utilizando-se das técnicas sorológicas de Dual Path Platform (DPP), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), bem como molecular para Leishmania spp. e análise por georreferenciamento. Para isso, foram coletadas 566 amostras sanguíneas de cães. Além disso, informações epidemiológicas adicionais foram coletadas do sistema de saúde do município, e posteriormente, a análise espacial foi realizada. Como resultados obteve-se 267 amostras reagentes ao teste DPP, 267 amostras reagentes ao ELISA e 97 à RIFI, com 95% de concordância entre os métodos DPP e ELISA. Das amostras submetidas à PCR, 16 foram positivas para Leishmania spp. O uso do georreferenciamento para LVC canina em Três Lagoas forneceu subsídios para identificar áreas com prioridade de intervenção para o controle da doença. A presença de flebotomíneos, associado à localização geográfica, bem como às condições ambientais na região estudada, foram favoráveis à sua disseminação, bem como à transmissão da doença aos cães e a humanos.
Milk and its derivatives are good substrates for the proliferation of pathogenic and quality-deteriorating microorganisms, demanding rigorous care with milking, processing, and storage. Among the various bacteria that can grow in raw refrigerated milk, Yersinia enterocolitica, is an invasive enteropathogen of humans. This bacterium can cause a number of intestinal and extraintestinal clinical symptoms, ranging from mild gastroenteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis, similar to appendicitis. To evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk from bulk milk tanks located in the State of São Paulo, 102 bovine milk samples (one per dairy farm) were evaluated by microbiological analyses, followed by biochemical tests PCR and genetic sequencing. Microbiological testing did not isolate Y. enterocolitica. However, PCR analysis revealed six samples that were positive for Y. enterocolitica (5.9%), confirmed by genetic sequencing. Only the inv gene was detected, which is present in virulent and avirulent Y. enterocolitica strains. There was great difficulty in microbiological isolation due to the difficulty of competitiveness of Y. enterocolitica in a very rich microbiota of raw milk. Although virulence genes known to be present in potentially pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica have not been identified, the presence of this pathogen in milk from expansion tanks, identified through PCR and confirmed by genetic sequencing, suggests that Y. enterocolitica may be a risk to public health, especially if milk and its derivatives are consumed without heat treatment. ResumoO leite e seus derivados possuem substratos que favorecem o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes, devido a isso, cuidados rigorosos são exigindo durante a ordenha, processamento e seu armazenamento. Dentre os vários grupos de bactérias que podem contaminar o leite refrigerado cru está Yersinia enterocolitica. Esta bactéria pode causar a uma série de sintomas clínicos intestinais e extraintestinais, variando de gastroenterite leve a linfadenite mesentérica, semelhante à apendicite. Para avaliar a prevalência de Y. enterocolitica patogênica no leite cru de tanques de expansão localizados no estado de São Paulo, foram avaliadas 102 amostras de leite bovino, por análises microbiológicas, seguido de provas bioquímicas; a Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento genético. Não houve o isolamento de Y. enterocolitica pelas provas microbiológicas clássicas. No entanto, a análise de PCR, realizada diretamente do leite, revelou seis (6) amostras positivas para Y. enterocolitica (5,9%), confirmadas por sequenciamento genético. Somente o gene inv, foi detectado, que pode estar presente em cepas virulentas e avirulentas. Houve dificuldade de isolamento microbiológico devido à dificuldade de competitividade da Y. enterocolitica em uma microbiota muito rica do leite cru. Ainda que não tenham sido identificados os genes de virulência que sabidamente estão presentes em cepas de Y. enterocolitica potencialmente pat...
Wild nonhuman primates (NHP) are considered natural hosts of a protozoan parasite from the genus Leishmania, the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. It is important to study the population of this infectious agent in zoo animals to establish surveillance and control mechanisms in Sorocaba through the application of a One Health approach, this is where human–animal–environment health and disease interface and can aid in the protection of endangered species. This study aimed to identify Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in NHP living in a city where leishmaniasis is endemic. DNA was extracted from 48 NHP and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction primers that are specific for the species L. infantum and L. braziliensis. The results of our research revealed the first report of L. infantum and L. braziliensis naturally infecting primates at Sorocaba zoo. One primate from the species Plecturocebus vieirai was positive for L. infantum and five primates (four Alouatta caraya and one Ateles chamek) were positive for L. braziliensis. This indicates a possible role of these animals on the maintenance of these parasites.
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