The visual diet hypothesis suggests that exposure to a certain body type increases our preference for that type of body, and exposure to ideal bodies is proposed to lead to body dissatisfaction. Here we examined the effect of exposure to high/low muscularity bodies on muscularity preferences and, subsequently, on body satisfaction in men, as well as exploring how men’s pre-existing cognitions around their bodies might moderate susceptibility to these effects. Study 1 participants (80 women, 84 men) viewed high or low muscularity images of real and CGI male bodies and reported their preferences for pairs of bodies varying in muscularity before and after. They additionally completed the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire 4. Data replicated previous results showing that viewing low muscularity images reduces preferences for muscularity in participants. This was significantly moderated by SATAQ in men, such that those with higher internalisation of cultural body ideals (higher SATAQ scores) showed this effect more strongly. In Study 2, participants (81 Men) completed the same task, with the change that some viewed the CGI bodies, and some the real bodies, during the manipulation, and also completed the Drive for Muscularity Scale at pre-test and the Body Image States Scale at pre- and post-test. Results again showed that exposure to low muscularity bodies reduces muscularity preferences but there was no moderating effect of SATAQ or of drive for muscularity. There was also no impact of viewing the images on body satisfaction.

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Background Although the influence of individual and home neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) on health-related behaviors has been widely studied, majority of the evidence is from cross-sectional studies. Moreover, studies on associations of workplace SES with health-related behaviors are almost non-existent. Objective To investigate associations between home and work neighborhood SES and behavior-related health in gainfully employed individuals. Methods Participants were from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health with response to minimum two surveys between 2012 and 2018. We had 13163 individuals with complete data on exposure and covariates with total of 36925 observations. Neighborhood SES was determined as an index using mean income, education attainment, and unemployment rate within a 500 m buffer around home and workplace address. We used fixed effects method with conditional logistic regression to investigate longitudinal within-individual associations for home, workplace and their weighted summary neighborhood SES with self-reported obesity, physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, and sleep problems. We included age, marital status, individuals' occupational position, presence of children, chronic disease, depressive symptoms, and work strain as covariates. Results The workers were more likely to consume alcohol excessively when their workplace was located in the highest SES area compared to time when their workplace was located in the lowest SES area (adjusted odds ratio 1.98; 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.49). Contrarily, socioeconomic status of home neighborhood was observed to be associated with low alcohol consumption. We observed no associations for other behavior-related health outcomes. Conclusions These within-individual comparisons suggest that having workplace in a high SES area may be favorable for excessive alcohol consumption. Key messages Workplace in a high socioeconomic area may be favorable of excessive alcohol consumption, while such association were not observed for home neighborhood. Consideration of work neighborhood SES along with home neighborhood SES and individual variables can enhance our understanding of the influence of environments on health behaviors.

Background Research suggests that workplace violence (WPV) increases the risk of psychological and physical health problems (e.g., type 2 diabetes). Research further suggests that WPV may affect long-term health; however, there are few studies and it is unclear whether WPV is associated with mortality. This study extends the literature by examining the association between WPV and all-cause mortality and whether workplace support moderates the association. Methods Cox models were estimated using data from the Swedish Work Environment Survey and Swedish registers (≈ N = 82,400). WPV was measured in terms of the frequency of exposure during the previous twelve months. Workplace social support was measured in terms of perceptions of social support from co-workers and/or superiors when work becomes troublesome. All-cause mortality includes death for any reason by the year of 2017. Results Adjusting for demographic and health factors (e.g., sex, education, chronic pain) and workplace support, exposure to WPV more than once per week increased significantly the risk of all-cause mortality. There did not appear to be an increased risk for those exposed less than once per week. While workplace support moderated the association between WPV and all-cause mortality, this was only the case for females who perceived support from superiors. Discussion Increased attention to workplace violence and threats of violence is warranted given the prevalence of these negative social behaviors in the workplace and associated long-term health risks. Our results suggest that workplace social support may buffer the negative health effects of WPV, at least for females. This suggests that policies aimed at reducing exposure to WPV, which simultaneously encourage workplace support, are worth exploring. Key messages Frequent exposure to workplace violence increases the risk of all-cause mortality. Support from superiors may buffer against some of the risk of all-cause mortality among females exposed to violence in the workplace.

Background Problem drinking causes burden for healthcare and society. No prior study has investigated the association between proximity of alcohol outlets to workplace and problem drinking. We assessed longitudinal associations of living and working in proximity to alcohol outlets with problem drinking. Methods Data comprised of employed respondents of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health between 2012 and 2018. Road distances from home and from workplace addresses to the nearest liquor outlet, beer outlet, and bar were provided by Statistics Sweden. Self-reported problem drinking was assessed using modified Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye questions. Within-individual analyses (N = 777) applied conditional logistic regression where each individual served as his/her case and control at two different time points. Between-individual analyses (N = 13306) applied binomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equation. Covariates were (age and sex for between-individual models), occupational position, civil status, chronic disease, work strain, and home/workplace neighborhood socioeconomic status. Results Within-individuals, the odds ratio for being a problem drinker was 3.42 (95 % CI, 1.41-8.27) and 2.99 (1.11-8.05) per each successive halving of the distance from work to beer outlets and bars, respectively. No within-individual associations were observed for proximity of outlets to home. Between-individuals, halving of distance from home to liquor outlet [1.06 (1.01-1.12)] and to bar [1.07 (1.00-1.16)] was associated with problem drinking. For distance from work, estimates were similar but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions These findings suggest that alcohol outlet proximity to one's workplace could be a determinant of alcohol consumption behavior. Reducing the number of on- and off-premises alcohol outlets, even those that only sell beer, could reduce the level of harmful alcohol consumption. Key messages Alcohol outlet proximity to one’s workplace could be an additional determinant of alcohol consumption behavior. Reducing the number of on- and off-premises alcohol outlets, even those that only sell beer, could reduce the level of harmful alcohol consumption.