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Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Apoptosis, along with impaired neurogenesis, has been linked to AD neurodegenerative cell death, likely due to overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We investigated whether the concurrent administration of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, with rivastigmine, the standard anti-Alzheimer, would enhance rivastigmine anti-Alzheimer activity in the aluminum chloride (AlCl3) Alzheimer's rat model. Male rats were randomly assembled into control (Cont), AlCl3-treated (Al), rivastigmine-treated (RIVA), celecoxib-treated (Celeco), and combined rivastigmine and celecoxib-treated (RIVA+Celeco) groups. They were studied for memory, and cognitive skills, along with evaluating hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Hippocampal neuropathology, besides apoptosis, astroglial injury, and neurogenesis, were assessed through examining the expression of their related protein markers; activated caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and nestin. Celecoxib, rivastigmine, and their combination attenuated AlCl3induced intellectual impairment and the associated neurodegenerative changes. However, the combination therapy had no additional neuroprotective advantage over rivastigmine alone, except for the enhancement of neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in the AL-intoxicated rats. As compared to rivastigmine, the efficacy of celecoxib in combination with rivastigmine confers neuroprotection only at the cellular level, enhancement of neurogenesis, and suppression of apoptosis, without having a mitigating effect on Al-induced cognitive impairment.

Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic debilitating inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity. Pelvic soreness and infertility are the usual association. Due to the poor effectiveness of the hormone therapy and the high incidence of recurrence following surgical excision, there is no single effective option for management of endometriosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells studied for their broad immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their efficiency in endometriosis cases is still a controversial issue. Our study aim was to evaluate whether adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) could help with endometriosis through their studied anti-inflammatory role. Methods: Female Wistar rats weighting 180 to 250 g were randomly divided into two groups: group 1, endometriosis group; established by transplanting autologous uterine tissue into rats’ peritoneal cavities and group 2, stem cell treated group; treated with AD-MSCs on the 5th day after induction of endometriosis. The proliferative activity of the endometriosis lesions was evaluated through Ki67 staining. Quantitative estimation of interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β expression, as well as immunohistochemical detection of CD68 positive macrophages, were used to assess the inflammatory status. Results: The size and proliferative activity of endometriosis lesions were significantly reduced in the stem cell treated group. Stem cells efficiently mitigated endometriosis associated chronic inflammatory reactions estimated through reduction of CD68 positive macrophages and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy can be considered a novel remedy in endometriosis possibly through its anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.

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