In recently years, Governments actively transform urban landscape construction in Taiwan, causing substantial increase in the pavement area and maintenance of the sidewalk. However, the recurring damage to sidewalk could lead to the risk of pedestrian injury. This study investigated the damage to the sidewalk, and introduced the Building Information Modeling (BIM) to develop a management mechanism applicable to the sidewalk. Analysis results are shown as follows: 1. BIM can create the sidewalk sections, floor tiles destruction type, location and other information with the damaged area. Sidewalk elements of BIM can provide proper sidewalk tiles location and information. 2. Application mode can effectively utilize the characteristics of BIM. The model is through visual control to manage operations. 3. BIM can help managers with quickly destroy the recorded contents and disposal measures. Identification color of damage condition for tiles, and automated statistics can be applied to analyze the damage results of sidewalk. Therefore, it can improve the efficiency and quality for overall maintenance operations.

In this paper, NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as well as the PLS method was adopted for rapid determination of vitamin C in navel oranges. The GN method was employed to select calibration and validation samples. The spectral data in the region 900-1600nm were used for modeling. The coefficient of determination of the validation set is 0.8690, and RMSECV is 1.039mg/100g. The results suggest that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy may serve as a strong tool for developing an on-line fruit sorting system.

A rapid quantification technique was developed and validated for nondestructively quantifying the soluble solids content of navel orange using NIR spectroscopy in conjunction with Gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA).The spectra were recorded in the NIR region using the fiber optic probe method. Four data points of the navel orange NIR spectra were selected by GEP algorithm and genetic algorithm by cross validation. In our experiment, the mean standard error Ribetween the prediction values and the real values in the train group is 0.0256, and the validation group is 0.0194, the results show that the proposed method can be built to a concise easily computed model, which has higher accuracy.

To explore a rapid and non-destructive method for measuring titratable acidity in Gannan Navel Orange, near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square method was adopted for building a prediction model. Multiple statistical analysis results show that when the optimal spectral region (950-1330nm) was selected for modeling, the correlation coefficient of the validation set is 0.9085, and RMSECV is 0.0243g/100g. This technique using near infrared spectroscopy is rapid, convenient and nondestructive, and may potentially become a strong tool for the quality evaluation and fruit sorting of navel oranges.

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