Objective: A review of the indications, contraindications, ideal timing, immunogenic efficacy and reactogenicity (adverse events) of active and passive immunization for extremely preterm infants. Sources of data: Research in classic textbooks on pediatric infectology and in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Lilacs, PubMed and Akwanmed, using the following health sciences descriptors: premature, very low weight newborn, immunization, active immunization, passive immunization, vaccines, immunoglobulin. Summary of the findings: The immunization of extremely premature very low birth weight infants is a huge challenge for pediatricians because there is insufficient knowledge about the efficacy of immune responses and undesirable reactions. Possibly for this reason, it is common that such children are found to be behind schedule with their immunizations or to have been incompletely immunized. Notwithstanding the scarcity of publications on the theme, in principal young gestational age and low birth weight should not be considered limiting factors to clinically stable premature newborns being immunized at the same chronological age indicated for full term children. Conclusion: Based on the available evidence it not possible to propose vaccine and immunoglobulin administration practice for extremely premature or very low weight newborn babies that is definitive. With rare exceptions however, such as the BCG vaccine, the tendency is to maintain the same active immunization program as for babies born full term, irrespective of weight or gestational age at birth. Passive immunization merits special attention, having more liberal indications in this group of newborn babies.

Heterophil antibodies could be detected in sera from normal or from patient with chronic schistosomiasis. Their hemolytic activities depend on the integrity of the complement classic pathway. The heterophil antibodies from patient sera presented a higher specificity for Schistosoma mansoni antigen preparations than those detected in normal sera. Most of the hemolytic activity observed in normal sera can be destroyed at 56ºC for 4 min. On the other hand, about 80% of the sera from infected patients are partially or totally resistant to this heat-treatment. The hemolytic activities of sera were eluted from a gel filtration column in different fractions of the first peak.
Anticorpos heterófilos foram detectados nos soros de pacientes normais ou com esquistossomose mansoni crônica. Suas atividades hemolíticas dependem da integridade da via clássica do sistema do complemento. Os anticorpos heterófilos dos pacientes esquistossomóticos apresentaram maior especificidade para antígenos de Schistosoma mansoni do que aqueles anticorpos detectados nos soros de pacientes normais. A atividade hemolítica do anticorpo nos soros normais podia ser destruída pelo aquecimento destes soros a 56ºC durante 4 minutos. Por outro lado, cerca de 80% dos soros de pacientes esquistossomóticos eram parcial ou totalmente resistentes ao mesmo tratamento. As atividades dos anticorpos heterófilos foram eluídas através da filtração em gel, em diferentes frações no primeiro pico

Based on the available evidence it not possible to propose vaccine and immunoglobulin administration practice for extremely premature or very low weight newborn babies that is definitive. With rare exceptions however, such as the BCG vaccine, the tendency is to maintain the same active immunization program as for babies born full term, irrespective of weight or gestational age at birth. Passive immunization merits special attention, having more liberal indications in this group of newborn babies.

Como citar este artigo: Tavares EC, Ribeiro JG, Oliveira LA. Imunização ativa e passiva no prematuro extremo. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(1 Supl):S89-S94. AbstractObjective: A review of the indications, contraindications, ideal timing, immunogenic efficacy and reactogenicity (adverse events) of active and passive immunization for extremely preterm infants. Sources of data:Research in classic textbooks on pediatric infectology and in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Lilacs, PubMed and Akwanmed, using the following health sciences descriptors: premature, very low weight newborn, immunization, active immunization, passive immunization, vaccines, immunoglobulin. Summary of the findings:The immunization of extremely premature very low birth weight infants is a huge challenge for pediatricians because there is insufficient knowledge about the efficacy of immune responses and undesirable reactions. Possibly for this reason, it is common that such children are found to be behind schedule with their immunizations or to have been incompletely immunized. Notwithstanding the scarcity of publications on the theme, in principal young gestational age and low birth weight should not be considered limiting factors to clinically stable premature newborns being immunized at the same chronological age indicated for full term children. Conclusion:Based on the available evidence it not possible to propose vaccine and immunoglobulin administration practice for extremely premature or very low weight newborn babies that is definitive. With rare exceptions however, such as the BCG vaccine, the tendency is to maintain the same active immunization program as for babies born full term, irrespective of weight or gestational age at birth. Passive immunization merits special attention, having more liberal indications in this group of newborn babies.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(1 Supl):S89-S94: Premature, very low birth weight infants, immunization, active immunization, passive immunization, vaccines, immunoglobulin. ResumoObjetivo: Revisão sobre a indicação, contra-indicação, época ideal, eficácia imunogênica e reatogenicidade (eventos adversos) das imunizações passiva e ativa nos RN pré-termo extremos.Fonte dos dados: Pesquisa em livros-textos clássicos de infectologia pediátrica e nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, Lilacs, PubMed e Akwanmed, utilizando os seguintes descritores de ciências da saúde: prematuro, recém-nascido de muito baixo peso, imunização, imunização ativa, imunização passiva, vacinas, imunoglobulina. Síntese dos dados:A imunização do recém-nascido pré-termo extremo ou de muito baixo peso ao nascer é um grande desafio para o pediatra, por não haver conhecimento suficiente da eficácia da resposta imunitária e das reações indesejáveis. Talvez, por isto, seja comum encontrar estas crianças com o seu esquema de imunizações incompleto ou atrasado. No entanto, apesar da escassez de publicações sobre o tema, em princípio, a idade gestacional e o baixo peso ao nascer não devem ser considerados fatores limitantes para que um recém-...