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Future universal quantum computers solving problems of practical relevance are expected to require at least 10 6 qubits, which is a massive scale-up from the present numbers of less than 50 qubits operated together. Out of the different types of qubits, solid state qubits are considered to be viable candidates for this scale-up, but interfacing to and controlling such a large number of qubits is a complex challenge that has not been solved yet. One possibility to address this challenge is to use qubit control circuits located close to the qubits at cryogenic temperatures. In this work we evaluate the feasibility of this idea, taking as a reference the physical requirements of a two-electron spin qubit and the specifications of a standard 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Using principles and flows from electrical systems engineering we provide realistic estimates of the footprint and of the power consumption of a complete control-circuit architecture. Our results show that with further research it is possible to provide scalable electrical control in the vicinity of the qubit, with our concept.

Abstract-The feasibility of using commercial CMOS processes for implementing scalable cryogenic control electronics for universal quantum computers is investigated. Using a systems engineering approach, we break the system down into subsystems and model the individual components down to transistor level. First results for area demand and power consumption indicate that even with a standard CMOS process, it should be possible to operate hundreds of qubits. Using dedicated low power processes with reduced supply voltage, this number could be further increased in the long term by four or more orders of magnitude, allowing the control of millions of qubits.

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Over the past decade, significant progress in quantum technologies has been made and, hence, engineering of these systems has become an important research area. Many researchers have become interested in studying ways in which classical integrated circuits can be used to complement quantum mechanical systems, enabling more compact, performant, and/or extensible systems than would be otherwise feasible. In this article-written by a consortium of early contributors to the field-we provide a review of some of the early integrated circuits for the quantum information sciences. CMOS and BiCMOS integrated circuits for nuclear magnetic resonance, nitrogen-vacancy-based magnetometry, trapped-ion-based quantum computing, superconductor-based quantum computing, and quantum-dot based quantum computing are described. In each case, the basic technological requirements are presented before describing proof-of-concept integrated circuits. We conclude by summarizing some of the many open research areas in the quantum information sciences for CMOS designers.