Although public opinion and social issues have significant influence on policy-making, research on forest vegetation management (FVM) in Canada has a strong focus on biological aspects, with less attention being paid to social concerns. This paper reviews the social context in which FVM occurs. Individual views about FVM reflect a combination of values, beliefs, and attitude while also including differing perceptions of risks. Public views and the broader social acceptability of management decisions can be linked to five key factors: context, risk, aesthetics, trust, and knowledge. Judgements about acceptability will usually change over time and across specific situations and various segments of a population could make opposing judgements. We identify a variety of public concerns related to FVM in Canada, synthesizing research that can help resource managers consider the social impacts of their choices. We also note particular concerns related to Aboriginal peoples and the FVM workforce. Information about the benefits and disadvantages of FVM options can help resolve public concerns, but using technical information to convince the public is rarely successful. Forest management agencies and resource managers need access to reliable information about social values and concerns to make management decisions that will be socially acceptable.Key words: social acceptability, vegetation management, silviculture, forest policy, public participation, forest values, risk management, scenic values RÉSUMÉBien que l' opinion publique et les enjeux sociaux exercent une influence significative sur l' élaboration des politiques, la plupart des travaux de recherche sur le contrôle de la végétation en forêt au Canada ont été consacrés aux aspects biologiques et ont négligé les considérations sociales. Cet article fait la synthèse du contexte social dans lequel s'inscrit le contrôle de la végétation. Les perceptions individuelles du contrôle de la végétation sont le reflet d'une combinaison de valeurs, de croyances et d'attitudes et de perceptions différentes des risques encourus. Les perceptions publiques et, de manière plus large, l'acceptabilité sociale des choix d'aménagement, sont liées à cinq facteurs fondamentaux : le contexte, les risques, l' esthétique, la confiance et les connaissances. Les jugements sur l'acceptabilité vont généralement évoluer dans le temps en fonction des situations. De même, différents groupes dans la population pourront avoir des jugements opposés. Nous identifions une série de préoccupations sociales associées au contrôle de la végétation, sur la base d'une synthèse des travaux de recherche susceptibles d'aider les gestionnaires dans la prise en compte des impacts sociaux de leurs choix. Nous notons également des enjeux particuliers associés aux Premières Nations et à la main-d' oeuvre en contrôle de la végétation. L'information au sujet des bénéfices et des désavantages de différentes approches en contrôle de la végétation peut aider à répondre aux préoccupations du public. Cependant, le re...
Three polyurethane (PU) vascular grafts with novel designs were investigated and compared in terms of the microporous structure, reinforcement technology, polymer chemistry, microphase separation, and mechanical properties. The Corvita graft, composed of a poly(carbonate urethane) polymer, displayed a helically wound filament structure with communicating inter-fiber spaces. The reinforced model contained an external PET mesh impregnated with a protein sealant, and displayed good microphase separation, the highest Young's modulus in the longitudinal direction, and the second highest in the radial direction. The Thoratec graft was made of a polyetherurethaneurea with an average micropore size of 15 microns. Silicone was observed on both surfaces of the graft. The Thoratec device displayed a low degree of hydrogen-bonding among the urethane groups and had no well-organized hard-segment domains. Its mechanical strength was superior to that of the Pulse-Tec graft. A solid PU layer underneath the luminal surface precluded any communication between the luminal and adventitial sides. The Pulse-Tec prosthesis was composed of polyetherurethane, with an average micropore size of 28 microns. It offered the highest radial compliance, a high degree of hydrogen-bonding, a narrow molecular weight distribution, and a certain degree of microphase separation. Its tensile strength and hysteresis loss were inferior to those of the other two grafts.
Three polyurethane (PU) vascular grafts with novel designs were investigated and compared in terms of the microporous structure, reinforcement technology, polymer chemistry, microphase separation, and mechanical properties. The Corvita graft, composed of a poly(carbonate urethane) polymer, displayed a helically wound filament structure with communicating inter-fiber spaces. The reinforced model contained an external PET mesh impregnated with a protein sealant, and displayed good microphase separation, the highest Young's modulus in the longitudinal direction, and the second highest in the radial direction. The Thoratec graft was made of a polyetherurethaneurea with an average micropore size of 15 microns. Silicone was observed on both surfaces of the graft. The Thoratec device displayed a low degree of hydrogen-bonding among the urethane groups and had no well-organized hard-segment domains. Its mechanical strength was superior to that of the Pulse-Tec graft. A solid PU layer underneath the luminal surface precluded any communication between the luminal and adventitial sides. The Pulse-Tec prosthesis was composed of polyetherurethane, with an average micropore size of 28 microns. It offered the highest radial compliance, a high degree of hydrogen-bonding, a narrow molecular weight distribution, and a certain degree of microphase separation. Its tensile strength and hysteresis loss were inferior to those of the other two grafts.
C'est de différenciation sociale se manifestant dans l'espace urbain dont il est question dans ce texte : de la structure socio-écologique de Montréal en 1951, 1961 et 1971. Pour rendre compte de cette structure, l'article analyse les caractéristiques de population regroupées en secteurs de recensement et, par la méthode d'écologie factorielle, dégage les axes de différenciation de l'espace urbain. Les filiations théoriques et les ruptures méthodologiques sont établies, au préalable, entre écologie humaine, analyse des aires sociales et écologie factorielle. Les principales questions qui guident l'analyse empirique sont les suivantes : quelle est la stabilité temporelle de la structure urbaine de .Montréal? Dans l'espace, observe-t-on une relative indépendance entre les caractéristiques socio-économiques, d'une part, et les caractéristiques culturelles et linguistiques, d'autre part? Les minorités ethniques sont-elles enclines à se concentrer spatialement? Finalement, en quoi l'écologie factorielle de Montréal se distingue-t-elle de celle d'autres grandes villes industrielles? Les résultats obtenus s'écartent légèrement de ceux observés dans d'autres études similaires sur Montréal. Un bilan en est dressé : les variations entre ces études sont dues, pour une grande part, à des différences méthodologiques. Finalement, l'article se termine par une courte discussion de nouvelles pistes de recherche sur le rapport structure urbaine et structure sociale.
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