The editors pointed out that all interactions require some degree of mediation. In other words, a common ground needs to be established on which communication can be based, and when difficulties emerge mediation will be required. In this paper, we will argue that there are contexts where the assumption of common ground is stronger or weaker depending on the training, experience and disciplinary background of those involved in the interaction. The need for mediation may thus be greater in contexts where the assumption of common ground is over-optimistic, and where the consequences of not spotting the potential misunderstanding, and hence skipping mediation, may be serious.  Language professionals are very much aware of variation in language proficiency and are less likely to assume complete common ground with fluent Foreign Language (LX) users than professionals from other backgrounds for whom language is merely a technical tool that does not merit special attention. Thus, considering an interlocutor who can talk easily about the weather in an LX, a Foreign Language teacher is less likely to assume complete linguistic common ground than a psychotherapist whose main concern is to locate the source of a client’s issues.  The language teacher has been taught that students may have linguistic and cultural gaps that are not immediately apparent and that meaning may need to be negotiated in the classroom. The psychotherapist has been trained to try to understand the client’s worldview, but frequently that training ignores their clients’ linguistic profiles and experiences. Negotiation about meanings and across differences and power differentials, which goes to the heart of psychotherapeutic communication, often ignores the linguistic gap.  In particular, psychotherapists (especially monolingual ones) may be less aware that multilinguals can have different levels of proficiency in different discourse domains (Grosjean, 2016). In other words, the ability to converse fluently in the LX about certain everyday topics does not necessarily imply an ability to convey subtle, complex emotions in that language. Clients themselves may be unaware of this.  The aim of the present paper is therefore to highlight the need for extra awareness among psychotherapists about both visible and invisible linguistic and cultural obstacles to emotion communication that will require mediation with their LX clients, using appropriate strategies.

Se ce!'lo se vê nela uma ruptura, nós acreditamos que ela repousa mais sobre a marca escrita que sobre a substância. 12 A boa-fé é explicita1nente inencionada por 93 disposições (das t1uais 62 são novas). Seis menções no Livro das Pessoas, 12 no Livro da Família, seis no Livro das Sucessões, 15 no Livro dos Bens, 45 no Livro das Obrigações, u1na no Livro das Prioridades e Hipotecas, três no Livro da Prova, duas no Lívro da Prescrição e três no Livro da Pubiicidade dos Ihreitos.

La bonne foi dans les systèmes d'information du droit. . 389 B. La bonne foi dans les systèmes de représentation et les régimes d'autocorrection. .

No abstract

Les concepts ne sont pas flous par absence de définition. Tout concept porte son sens, sa compréhension. On les dira flous, quand leur extension est mal délimitée, quand leurs référents ne sont pas clairement identifiés, donc quand leur contenu est variable.Le législateur, qui choisit d’adopter un concept flou pour poser la règle de droit, admet l’indétermination des sujets ou des objets qu’elle vise. Ce faisant, il délègue sa puissance; du même souffle, il indique la multiplicité et la latitude.Le Code civil du Québec régit les personnes, les biens et les rapports entre les personnes.Les « tiers » y partagent avec la bonne foi, la faute, les usages, l’équité et bien d’autres, le domaine des concepts flous.Par définition, les tiers sont des étrangers. Étrangers à la Cité, ils n’ont pas le statut de citoyen; étrangers à la communauté, ils n’en partagent pas l’identité.L’extranéité est provoquée par la clôture d’un espace, ici de l’espace juridique créé par les droits et obligations.En théorie, cette structure, formée par les principes de la relativité et de l’opposabilité des droits, est remarquable de simplicité : les tiers qui tentent de s’immiscer sont expulsés; les tiers qu’on tente d’inclure sont libérés. La vie sociale est-elle plus complexe ? La construction juridique y répond par la fragmentation jusqu’au modèle primaire.En réalité, la complexité des rapports sociaux rattrape le droit; au moment de son application, les tribunaux ne peuvent y échapper. Les tiers sont alors tirés de ce magma informe dans lequel on les reléguait et prennent qualité juridique. Leur seule identification tisse déjà une toile de relations enchevêtrées.Concepts are not vague by lack of definition. Any concept bears its meaning, its comprehension. They will be said to be vague when their extension is not well delimited, when their referents are not clearly identified, thus when their contents vary.The legislator who chooses to adopt a vague concept to lay the rule of law acknowledges the indeterminacy of the intended subjects or objects. Doing so, he delegates his power; at the same time, he indicates multiplicity and latitude.The Quebec Civil Code rules persons, property and the relations between persons."Third parties" share, along with good faith, fault, usage, equity and many others, the domain of vague concepts.By definition, third parties are outsiders. Outsiders to the City, they are not granted with a citizen status. Outsiders to the community, they do not share its identity.The foreign origin is prompted by a closed space, here a legal space created by rights and obligations.In theory, this structure, based on the principles of the relative effect and opposability of rights, is remarkably simple: third parties who try to interfere are thrown out; third parties we try to include are discharged. Is the social life more complex? The legal construction will answer by fragmenting it back to the primary model.In reality, the complexity of the social relationships catches up on law; at the time of its application, the courts cann...