1 In cats anaesthetized with chloralose, adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists were localized to the posterior hypothalamus (PH), lateral medullary pressor area (LMPA) and spinal autonomic loci to delineate the role of central cholinoceptors and adrenoceptors in cardiovascular control.2 All along the neuroaxis, the a-adrenoceptors seem to subserve an inhibitory and the f-adrenoceptors a facilitatory role in cardiovascular control. There appears to be a predominance of a-adrenoceptors at the medullary level and f-adrenoceptors at the hypothalamic level.3 The nicotinic cholinoceptors at the hypothalamic, medullary and spinal levels were facilitatory, whereas muscarinic cholinoceptors were inhibitory for cardiovascular control. However, muscarinic receptors were undetectable at the posterior hypothalamus. 4 The central cardiovascular effects of nicotine are attributed to nicotinic receptor activation and release of central catecholamines. 5 There appears to be a relationship between central cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms in cardiovascular control.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) are the two most common endocrine disorders in clinical practice. The unrecognized TD may adversely affect the metabolic control and add more risk to an already predisposing scenario for cardiovascular diseases. T Material and methods: 100 patients with T2DM were selected from the Outpatient department and admitted in Inpatient department of Medicine in Subharti Medical College Meerut, participated in the study. Thyroid dysfunction was classified as Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was defined as TSH-4.5 to 10 mIU/ml with normal FT4. Overt hypothyroidism-TSH >10 mIU/ml with low FT4. Hyperthyroidism-<0.45 mIU/ ml TSH with raised FT4 Subclinical hyperthyroidism-<0.45 mIU/ml TSH with normal FT4. Result:The prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in all diabetic patients was 24%.function was 24% (16% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 6% of patients had overt hypothyroidism and only 2% of patients had overt hyperthyroidism Conclusion:Our study emphasizes the need to check TSH levels in all type 2 diabetic patients, as subclinical hypothyroidism was most prevalent thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes.