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Objective: Diabetes Mellitus has been observed to be related with low thiamine levels in the body, as it affects directly on carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, this study was intended to assessdemographic characteristics and serum thiamine levels in type I and type II diabetic patients and healthy control group. Methodology: This was a case-control study carried out in diabetic outpatient department (OPD) of Urban Health Center and New Karachi, Hospital. The duration of the study was about six months after approval of synopsis. The study sample included 90 participants and divided into three groups, 30 participants each in the control, type I diabetes and type II diabetes groups. Patients with type I and II diabetes mellitus of both genders with age < 25 to > 46 years were included in the study. One Way ANOVA was applied to find out the significance of differences among the groups. Results: The study results showed that out of 90 participants, 33(36.7%) were males and 57(63.3%) were females; 1(1.1%) of them had low thiamine level, 17(18.9%) had normal thiamine level whereas 72(80.0%) had high thiamine level. It was observed that significant association found between thiamine levels and age groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, 18(60.0%) had Low/Normal thiamine level and 12(40.0%) had high thiamine level in type I diabetes patients while 30(100%) in control group and Type II Diabetic patients had high thiamine level with significant association between them (p<0.001). On the other hand, an insignificant association was found between gender and low and high thiamine levels (p=0.743). Conclusion: This study concluded that both the age and group types were significantly associated with thiamine levels of the participants. Furthermore, type I Diabetes patients had significantly lower thiamine levels as compared to type II Diabetes and controls. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship of gender with thiamine levels.

Objective: Thiamine or vitamin B1 is a fundamental vitamins and minerals and enzyme cofactor that are needed for most of the anabolic and catabolic reaction that occurs in organisms. Deficiency of Thiamine has been associated with numerous complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Therefore, this study was intended to assess various biochemical and anthropometric parameters with serum thiamine levels in patients with type I and type II diabetes. Methodology: This was a case-control study carried out in outpatient department (OPD) of Diabetes Department of Jinnah post graduate medical institute, Karachi by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. This study comprised of 6 months duration after approval of synopsis. A total of 60 participants with type I and II diabetes mellitus of both genders with age < 25 to > 46 years were selected; 30 participants with type I diabetes whereas 30 participants had type II diabetes. The Pearson’s correlation test was used to interpret correlation between thiamine levels and height, weight, heart rate, temperature, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, creatinine, urea in type I and II diabetic patients. Results: The results showed that among type I diabetics, none of the patient characteristics studied were significantly correlated with the thiamine levels of these patients. On the other hand, among type II diabetics, significantly negative correlation was observed between height and thiamine level (p=0.045) where patients with greater height had lower thiamine level and vice versa. Moreover, both heart rate and total cholesterol were marginally insignificantly correlated with thiamine level (p=0.065 and p=0.069), respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that all anthropometric and biochemical parameters were insignificantly correlated with thiamine levels in type I and II diabetes patients. However, height had significant negative correlation with the thiamine level among type II diabetics reflecting patients with more height had lower thiamine level.

BACKGROUND: Cell phone usage is highly prevalent among young adults. They are used for multiple purposes including communication, studies, social networking and entertainment. However, its excessive usage has been associated with adverse health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to find the association of cell phone usage with musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) and its associated factors. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted on young adult students from a low-middle income country over a period of 3 months from December 2018 to February 2019. A structured questionnaire based on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH scoring) was used to record the musculoskeletal discomfort. RESULTS: Out of 803 questionnaires, data of 754 (94%) were entered and the remaining questionnaires (n = 49) were discarded due to incomplete answers. The mean age was 20.83 (1.62) years. In our study, there were 194 (25.7%) males and 560 (74.3%) female participants. Neck and shoulder were the most frequently affected regions A significant difference in QuickDASH score was observed between genders p-value p≤0.001. Left-handed individuals scored significantly higher on QuickDASH score compared to right-handed individuals (p <  0.05). Increased musculoskeletal discomfort was reported by individuals with daily cell phone use of more than four hours (p <  0.05). A positive significant correlation was found between continuous one hour cell-phone use and higher mean QuickDASH scores (correlation coefficient 0.124 p value 0.001). Shorter eye-to-screen distance was significantly associated with MSD (p <  0.05). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal discomfort is associated with the female gender, duration of cell phone use and a small eye-to-screen distance.