The present paper focuses on the numerical modelling approaches adopted in Boundary Layer Ingestion (BLI) studies. Three driving aircraft concepts have been identified, namely Propulsive Fuselage Concept, Rear Engines Concept and Distributed Fans Concept. The affiliation to relevant research projects has been considered. Specifically, EU DisPURSAL, EU CENTRELINE, NASA STARC-ABL, NASA D8, ONERA NOVA, NASA N3-X and ONERA DRAGON have been examined, as well as other works. The methodologies adopted by the reviewed analyses have been investigated and summarized for each concept, in order to assess the main trends of BLI modelling strategies.

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The present work aims to present two different approaches to model the unsteady aerodynamics of horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). A complete and extensive comparison has been established between the results obtained using a low-fidelity calculation tool, as the Blade Element Momentum (BEM), and a high-fidelity technique, as the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Regarding the first calculation strategy, an accurate revision in polar diagrams calculation and the implementation of yaw and dynamic stall routines have endowed the BEM code to predict the machine performance under unsteady flow conditions. In order to achieve an accurate validation, the proposed BEM solver has been tested on AOC 15/50 and NREL Phase VI wind turbines. Referring to CFD techniques, a three-dimensional unsteady model has been improved to study the aerodynamic behaviour of the machine in case of yawed incoming wind.