Groundwater Circulation Wells (GCW) can be an effective in-situ remediation option allowing high mass recovery of contaminants in cases where contamination hotspots are located in saturated soil having low hydraulic conductivity. Traditional treatment options such as Pump&Treat, Air Sparging (AS)/Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) and Multi Phase Extraction (MPE) typically require long operation times and significant costs for long-term plume management. GCWs induce meaningful changes in the groundwater flow introducing vertical flows both downward and upward, generating a “circulation cell”, which facilitates contaminant desorption from the soil. This study aims to understand the effects of a GCW on an aquifer in terms of both groundwater flow directions and water balance. A groundwater numerical model was built using MODFLOW-2005 to simulate the effect of the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer on the hydraulic circulation pattern of the GCW. The use of particle tracking simulated by MODPATH 7 showed the circulation cells and the impact on groundwater directions induced by different configurations of hydraulic parameters. The water flowing into the cell comes from both the injection well and the surrounding aquifer and the model shows how the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer, in particular the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, have a paramount influence in determining the shape and dimension of the circulation cell. A water mass balance analysis was carried out. It allowed to predict the groundwater flows exchanges between the GCW system and the surrounding aquifer, and to verify the sensitivity of the water budget to specific aquifer parameters. The results of this study are useful for further understanding the hydraulics of a GCW remediation system in order to support the design and to predict its performance.

The town of Mantua is a good example of an urban area with an intricate surface water system leading to complex groundwater/surface-water interactions. In this context, the Site of National Interest (SIN) “Laghi di Mantova e Polo Chimico”, is characterized by intense pumping activity by means of industrial wells and hydraulic barriers. In order to establish the interactions between groundwater and the surface water system, evaluating their relation with the pumping activities, a transient groundwater numerical model was developed (January 2016 - December 2018) using MODFLOW-2005 and the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) package, following a participatory approach. Results show how, depending on the minimum/ maximum groundwater conditions and the discharge values of the surface channels, the relation between groundwater/surface-waters can vary during the year, also affecting the operation of the hydraulic barriers. The stakeholders could use the calibrated model in the future to ensure optimal management of the pumping activities within the SIN.