-Objective:To characterize the olfactory identification in 40 essential tremor (ET) patients, with the University of Pennsylvania 12 Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), to correlate UPSIT scores to clinical and epidemiological data and to compare it to 89 aged matched controls. Method: Patients were assessed using ET Clinical Scale of Evaluation and UPSIT. Results: In patients with ET, the UPSIT medium score was 9.10, similar to the control group (9.11), which was also observed in all age groups. ET severity did not correlate to UPSIT scores. Conclusion: This study demonstrated normality of olfactory identification on ET, qualifying UPSIT to be an important tool on tremor differential diagnosis of undetermined origin.KEy wordS: essential tremor, olfaction, UPSIT. Olfato no tremor essencialResumo -Objetivo: Caracterizar a identificação olfatória em 40 pacientes com tremor essencial, através do Teste de Identificação de 12 Cheiros da Universidade de Pensilvânia (TICUP), correlacioná-la aos dados clínicos e epidemiológicos e compará-la com 89 indivíduos normais. Método: os pacientes foram avaliados com a Escala Clínica de Avaliação do TE e com o TICUP. Resultados: A média de acertos no TICUP nos pacientes com TE foi 9,10, semelhante à do grupo controle (9,11), sendo isso observado em todas as faixas etárias. A gravidade do TE não se correlacionou com o resultado do TICUP. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou normalidade da identificação olfatória no TE, qualificando o TICUP como ferramenta importante no diagnóstico diferencial dos tremores de causa indeterminada.PAlAvrAS-ChAvE: tremor essencial, olfato, TICUP.

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Purpose: The goal of this cross-sectional observational study was to quantify the pattern-shift visual evoked potentials (VEP) and the thickness as well as the volume of retinal layers using optical coherence tomography (OCT) across a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age-matched controls. Methods: Forty-three PD patients and 38 controls were enrolled. All participants underwent a detailed neurological and ophthalmologic evaluation. Idiopathic PD cases were included. Cases with glaucoma or increased intra-ocular pressure were excluded. Patients were assessed by VEP and high-resolution Fourier-domain OCT, which quantified the inner and outer thicknesses of the retinal layers. VEP latencies and the thicknesses of the retinal layers were the main outcome measures. Results: The mean age, with standard deviation (SD), of the PD patients and controls were 63.1 (7.5) and 62.4 (7.2) years, respectively. The patients were predominantly in the initial Hoehn-Yahr (HY) disease stages (34.8% in stage 1 or 1.5, and 55.8 % in stage 2). The VEP latencies and the thicknesses as well as the volumes of the retinal inner and outer layers of the groups were similar. A negative correlation between the retinal thickness and the age was noted in both groups. The thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) was 102.7 μm in PD patients vs. 104.2 μm in controls. Conclusions:The thicknesses of retinal layers, VEP, and RNFL of PD patients were similar to those of the controls. Despite the use of a representative cohort of PD patients and high-resolution OCT in this study, further studies are required to establish the validity of using OCT and VEP measurements as the anatomic and functional biomarkers for the evaluation of retinal and visual pathways in PD patients.

PurposeTo assess potential vascular, structural, and functional changes to the macula in patients with keratoconus that underwent ultraviolet A (UVA)–riboflavin-mediated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) therapy.Patients and methodsSeventeen eyes from 17 patients of age 16 years or older with keratoconus undergoing CXL treatment were studied. The same eye served as its own control (before CXL vs after CXL). Eyes were evaluated in terms of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, intraocular pressure, Amsler grid, retinography, fluorescein angiography, autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) prior to CXL and 7 and 30 days after treatment. Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) was recorded prior to and 7 days after CXL.ResultsMean (SD) BCVA by logMAR chart was 0.47 (±0.12) pre-CXL, 0.55 (±0.15) 7 days post-CXL (P=0.57), and 0.46 (±0.10) 30 days post-CXL (P=0.87). Mean (SD) SD-OCT central macular thickness (µm) was 253.62 (±20.9) pre-CXL, 260.5 (±18.7) 7 days post-CXL (P=0.48), and 256.44 (±21.6) 30 days post-CXL (P=0.69). In 12 eyes, mfERG revealed a statistically significant increase (P=0.0353) in P1 latency (ms) of ring four from the pre-CXL period (39.45±2.05) to 7 days post-CXL (41.04±1.28) period. Regression analysis showed that the increase in P1 latency was correlated with the increase in central macular thickness (P=0.027). Furthermore, nine patients experienced a significant decrease in P1 amplitudes of rings 1 (P=0.0014), 2 (P=0.0029), 3 (P=0.0037), 4 (P=0.0014), and 5 (P=0.0012) from pre-CXL to 7 days post-CXL. Conclusion: In this pilot study, most of the patients exhibited slight changes in their mfERG parameters and OCT thickness, despite a lack of vascular abnormalities observed on fluorescein angiography/autofluorescence imaging, no alteration in BCVA, and no reports of symptoms. These changes could, therefore, be categorized as a mild subclinical effect of the corneal cross-linking procedure.

RESUMO -Objetivo:Caracterizar o comprometimento olfatório em 50 pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP) utilizando o teste de identificação de 12 cheiros da Universidade de Pensilvânia (TICUP), comparando-os com 76 indivíduos normais e associá-lo ao quadro clínico e epidemiológico. Método: Os pacientes foram avaliados na fase "on" com as escalas unificada da doença de Parkinson (UPDRS), Hoehn e Yahr e TICUP e o grupo controle com o TICUP. Resultados: A média geral do número de acertos foi 5,7 nos parkinsonianos e 9 nos controles, com pontuação menor nos que apresentaram como sintoma inicial tremor e naqueles que atualmente apresentavam tremor, rigidez e bradicinesia. A idade e o estágio da DP correlacionaram-se negativamente com o número de acertos, não havendo correlação da perda olfatória com idade de início do quadro e pontuação da UPDRS. Conclusão: Apresentaram comprometimento olfatório 80% dos pacientes com DP, sendo essa avaliação ferramenta importante no diagnóstico diferencial. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: olfato, doença de Parkinson, UPSIT.olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease ABSTRACT -Objective: To characterize the olfactory dysfunction in 50 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with the University of Pennsylvania 12 smell identification test (UPSIT), establishing a comparison with 76 agematched healthy controls, and associate with clinical and epidemiologic picture. Method: The PD group was evaluated in phase "on" through United Parkinson's disease rating scale, UPSIT, and Hoehn and Yahr stage and the control group with the UPSIT. Results: The mean UPSIT score was 5.7 in PD patients and 9 in the control group. Patients that presented initially resting tremor and those that currently have tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia had a significant lower scores. There were negative correlation between patients' age and PD stage with the UPSIT scores. There were no correlation between olfactory scores, age at the initial PD symptoms and disease duration. Conclusion: Among PD patients 80% had olfactory deficit and, therefore, smell evaluation may be a tool to make PD differential diagnosis. A doença de Parkinson (DP) tem sido considerada afecção predominantemente motora, baseandose seu diagnóstico na presença de tremor em repouso, rigidez, bradicinesia e, na fase avançada, alteração dos reflexos posturais. Há mais de duas déca-das são descritas na DP disfunções sensoriais com intensidades variáveis. Olfação, sensibilidade visual ao contraste, percepção visual de cores, propriocepção e controle motor podem apresentar anormalidades, mas, devido à prevalência variável, algumas dessas alterações não preenchem os requisitos de um marcador precoce da DP 1 . A disfunção olfatória é um dos sinais mais prevalentes na DP, ocorrendo em 70 a 90% dos casos, embora apenas 28% dos pacientes relatem essa queixa. Observam-se alterações de discriminação, identificação e limiar olfatório 1 . A hiposmia é um dos sinais que pode anteceder os sintomas motores da DP 2 . Pesquisas utilizando o SPECT com beta CIT (I123) e 99mTc TRODAT-1 relaciona...