The implementation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics of intestinal protozoa has led to higher sensitivity and (subtype) specificity, more convenient sampling, and the possibility for high-throughput screening. PCR for routine detection of human intestinal protozoa in fecal samples is used by an increasing number of clinical laboratories. This paper discusses the recent developments in the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa, with an emphasis on PCR-based diagnostics. Although many reviews have described the technical aspects of PCR-based diagnostics, this review focuses on the clinical consequences that result from the shift from microscopic toward PCR-based diagnostics. Despite its undisputed superiority, the use of PCR comes with challenges that clinicians should be aware of.

Background: Preterm infants show a decreased tortuosity in all proximal segments of the cerebral vasculature at term-equivalent age (TEA). Recently MRI techniques were developed to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) based on phase-contrast images. Objectives: We hypothesized that arterial CBF corrected for brain size differs between full-term and preterm infants at TEA. Methods: 344 infants without major brain abnormalities had a cranial MRI for clinical reasons including phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (PC-MRA) around TEA (mean 41.1 ± SD 1.2 weeks). This cohort consisted of 172 preterm infants (gestational age at birth 24.1–31.9 weeks) and 172 term-born infants (gestational age at birth 37.0–42.6 weeks). The total CBF in milliliters/minute was calculated by adding the blood flow of the carotid and basilar arteries, and compared to age at scan, body weight, and several parameters of estimated brain size. Results: After logarithmic transformation, total CBF was associated with body weight, estimated brain weight, head circumference, and 2D brain surface measurements at TEA. Total CBF was significantly (9–12%) higher in term compared to preterm infants after correction for 2D brain surface measurements, head circumference or postmenstrual age at MRI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Total CBF as measured by PC-MRA was associated with body and (estimated) brain weight and 2D brain surface measurements and was higher in term compared to preterm born infants.