Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a proinflammatory cytokine, expressed as 9 distinct isoforms. The most active isoform is the predominantly intracellular-functioning IL-32γ. Involvement of IL-32 in infectious diseases is increasingly being appreciated. Production of IL-32 promotes pathways that serve to control bacterial infection, especially those caused by mycobacteria. A similar role for this cytokine is observed in the cellular response to viral infections. In addition to its protective effects against microorganisms, IL-32 is involved in immunopathogenesis of some infectious diseases. In parasitic diseases, it has been demonstrated that this cytokine is induced by Leishmania infection. In this review, we summarize the present data on the role of IL-32 in infectious diseases, highlighting this cytokine as new target for control of infections.
BackgroundInterleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine induced in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Here, we investigated whether IL-32 is also expressed in patient lesions caused by L. amazonensis. In addition, we evaluated experimental L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis infections in C57BL/6 transgenic mice for human IL-32γ (IL-32γTg) in comparison with wild-type (WT) mice that do not express the IL-32 gene.ResultsHuman cutaneous lesions caused by L. amazonensis express higher levels of IL-32 than healthy control skin. In mice, the presence of IL-32γ promoted the control of cutaneous lesions caused by L. braziliensis, but not lesions caused by L. amazonensis in an ear dermis infection model. In addition, IL-32γTg mice displayed less tissue parasitism and inflammation in IL-32γTg than WT mice during the healing phase of L. braziliensis infection. Production of antigen-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines was higher in IL-32γTg mice than in WT mice during L. braziliensis infection but not during L. amazonensis infection.ConclusionsHuman cutaneous lesions caused by L. amazonensis express high levels of IL-32. In mice, the presence of IL-32γ contributes to the lesion healing caused by L. braziliensis but not by L. amazonensis. Data suggest that despite the ability for both species to induce IL-32 in humans, the connections between this cytokine and other immune players induced by related species of parasites can lead to distinct outcomes of the murine infections.
Introdução: O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar – PNAE possui uma magnitude e revela a importância da atuação do nutricionista para resgate da cultura e hábitos alimentares regionais. Objetivo: analisar a presença do regionalismo na alimentação escolar do município de Campinorte-GO. Metodologia: análise documental dos cardápios dos anos de 2016 e 2017 ofertados pela rede municipal de ensino para analisar a presença de preparações regionais. Além disso, foi escolhido um cardápio mensal para realização de análise pela ferramenta fornecida pelo Fundo Nacional para o Desenvolvimento da Educação – FNDE, o Índice de Qualidade da Coordenação de Segurança Alimentar Nutricional – IQ COSAN. Resultados: observou-se que todos os cardápios foram elaborados por nutricionista, sendo que de 375 preparações servidas, somente 25,6% foram consideradas regionais após análise de materiais técnicos do Ministério da Saúde sobre alimentos regionais. Identificou-se cinco preparações consideradas regionais: arroz Maria Isabel, canjica, feijão tropeiro, galinhada e quibebe. Conclusão: Percebe-se que ainda é deficiente a inclusão de preparações regionais no cardápio para cumprir as exigências do PNAE. O estudo leva a concluir que o nutricionista é o profissional melhor qualificado para realização das diretrizes do programa PNAE estabelecendo a valorização do regionalismo na elaboração dos cardápios.
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