and the gastric glands of larvae/postlarvae (from hatching until 45 days posthatching) of three fish species (two teleostean and a chondrostean) were investigated using conventional histochemical methods (periodic acid schiff –PAS-, diastase-PAS; alcian blue pH 0.5, 1 and 2.5) in order to distinguish neutral and acidic (carboxylated and sulphated) glycoconjugates, as well as bromophenol blue reaction for identification of proteins. Additionally, the presence and distribution of sugar residues in the oligosaccharide side chains of glycoconjugates were investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HPR)-conjugated lectins (Con A, DBA, WGA and UEA-I). Most mucous cells (digestive, epidermal and branchial) of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, sea bream, Sparus aurata and Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis larvae were PAS- and alcian blue- (pH 2.5 and 0.5) positive, with small variations between organs/tissues and species. Bromophenol blue reaction (general proteins) was positive in a minority of the mucous cells, usually in those cells which were PAS-negative. Proteins rich in sulphydryl (-SH) and/or disulphide (-S-S-) groups related with the glycoprotein nature of the glycoconjugates present in mucous cells were also observed. Epidermal, branchial and digestive mucous cells of all studied larvae did not contain glycogen or lipids

The aim of the present study was to investigate the sequence of shell bone formation in the embryos of the Pleurodira, Podocnemis unifilis. Their bones and cartilage were collected and cleared before staining. The shell was also examined by obtaining a series of histological slices. All the bony elements of the plastron have independent ossification centers, which subsequently join together and retain two fontanelles until the period of hatching. This turtle has a mesoplastra, which is characteristic of the Podocnemididae. The carapace begins to form concurrently with the ossification of the ribs at the beginning of stage 20. All the plates, except the suprapygal, initiate ossification during the embryonic period. The main purpose of the histological investigation was to highlight the relationship between the formation of the carapace and ribs with that of the neural plates. The costal and neural plates were found not to independent ossification centers, but to be closely related to components of the endoskeleton, originating as expansions of the perichondral collar of the ribs

O plexo braquial é um conjunto de nervos com origem na região medular cervicotorácica que inerva o membro torácico e adjacências. Seu estudo em diferentes espécies é importante não apenas como uma fonte de conhecimento morfológico, mas, também, por facilitar o diagnóstico de disfunções neuromusculares decorrentes de diversas patologias. O objetivo foi descrever as origens e ramificações do plexo braquial do Mazama gouazoubira. Foram utilizados três espécimes, pertencentes ao acervo científico do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU); eles foram fixados em formaldeído a 3,7% e dissecados. No M. gouazoubira, o plexo braquial resultou de conexões entre os ramos dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais, C6, C7 e C8, e do primeiro torácico T1, e teve como derivações os nervos supraescapular, subescapulares cranial e caudal, axilar, musculocutâneo, mediano, ulnar, radial, peitorais, toracodorsal, torácico longo e torácico lateral. Os músculos inervados pelos nervos do plexo braquial foram o supraespinhal, infraespinhal, subescapular, redondo maior, redondo menor, deltoide, cleidobraquial, coracobraquial, bíceps braquial, braquial, tríceps braquial, ancôneo, flexor superficial dos dedos, flexor profundo dos dedos, flexor radial do carpo, flexor ulnar do carpo, extensor radial do carpo, ulnar lateral, extensor oblíquo do carpo, extensores dos dedos, peitoral superficial, peitoral profundo, serrátil ventral e oblíquo externo do abdome.

No abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a relationship between a structures susceptibility to second-order effects and its natural period of vibration ([Formula: see text]) given that both these properties are fundamentally dependent on the structure stiffness and mass properties. The main advantage of the use of this characteristic is that [Formula: see text] can be obtained easily by the existing structural analysis software. In this study, different formulations are developed in order to propose an amplification factor ([Formula: see text]) to multiply first-order analysis results and satisfactorily obtain results of a second-order analysis. These formulations are based on D’Alembert’s principle, Rayleighs method, and the use of generalized coordinates to represent the dynamic displacement of flexible structures. It is observed that [Formula: see text] provides values closer to and in fact, more conservatively than, those obtained by the conventional simplified methods currently used by structural design engineers. Thus, the amplification factor [Formula: see text], which is based on the natural period of vibration, is proposed to be used as (i) an indicator of a structure susceptibility to second-order effects and (ii) an amplification factor to describe the second-order effects on reinforced concrete frames.