European plum tree (Prunus domestica L.) is cultivated in many countries for its delicious and nutritive fruit and, accordingly, certain amounts of wood (from pruning works) are generated every year. The main objective of this work was to value this agricultural woody residue, for which the chemical composition of pruning wood extracts from four European plum cultivars was investigated, and the human lactate dehydrogenase A (hLDHA) inhibitory activity of plum wood extracts and pure proanthocyanidins present in those extracts was measured. For the chemical characterization, total phenolic content and DPPH radical‐scavenging assays and HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS analyses were performed, the procyanidin (−)‐ent‐epicatechin‐(2α→O→7,4α→8)‐catechin (4), the phenolic glucoside (−)‐annphenone (3) and the flavan‐3‐ol catechin (1) being the major components of the wood extracts. Some quantitative and qualitative differences were found among plum cultivars, and the content of proanthocyanidins ranged from 1.51 (cv. ‘Claudia de Tolosa’) to 8.51 (cv. ‘De la Rosa’) mg g−1 of dry wood. For the hLDHA inhibitory activity, six wood extracts and six proanthocyanidins were evaluated by a UV spectrophotometric assay, compound 4 showing the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 3.2 μM) of this enzyme involved on the excessive production of oxalate in the liver of patients affected by the rare disease Primary Hyperoxaluria.