High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
A literatura tem indicado que o desenvolvimento socioemocional dos alunos pode ser associado a seu repertório de habilidades sociais e percepção de apoio social, enquanto a experiência de reprovação parece infl uenciar negativamente esse desenvolvimento e o desempenho escolar ao fi nal do Ensino Fundamental (E.F.). Diante desse contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo testar um modelo de predição para o desempenho escolar, tendo como variáveis independentes as habilidades sociais, a percepção de apoio social da família, professores e pares e o histórico de reprovação dos estudantes. Participaram 311 alunos do 8º e 9º ano do E.F., provenientes de escolas públicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram: Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Adolescentes e Escala de Percepção de Apoio Social. O histórico de reprovação, as habilidades sociais e percepção de apoio social do professor predisseram o desempenho escolar dos alunos. A partir desses resultados, discute-se a importância dos recursos dos alunos e do seu contexto que poderão ser utilizados na escola através de programas de prevenção e promoção do bom desempenho escolar com os alunos, as famílias e os professores.
Resumo Habilidades sociais (HS) são reconhecidas como fator de proteção no desenvolvimento humano. Objetivou-se avaliar HS, problemas de comportamento e desempenho acadêmico em crianças antes e após treino de HS. Participaram 54 crianças (27 grupo intervenção e 27 grupo comparação), matriculadas no 5° ano do ensino fundamental, junto à rede municipal de ensino de uma cidade do interior paulista e duas professoras. O treino foi conduzido pela professora de GI em sala de aula e durou quatro meses. Os participantes de GC não receberam intervenção. As crianças foram avaliadas quanto às HS, problemas de comportamento e desempenho acadêmico antes e após intervenção. Foram utilizados: Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais, formulário para professores e o Programa Posso Pensar, que objetiva desenvolver HS. As análises apontaram resultados superiores de GI em diferentes variáveis. O desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção de caráter universal indica possibilidades concretas de trabalho preventivo.
During the school years, family and school are contexts in which risk and protection mechanisms for favorable or unfavorable trajectories regarding the development of children are engendered. Early adaptive disabilities, expressed in high levels of emotional and/or behavior problems, have been associated with unfavorable trajectories. The present study aimed to test a prediction model of behavior problems in schoolchildren, having as variable support predictors to the development and adversity in family contexts, as well as the existence of school complaints, indicating adversity in the school context. Sixty children aged 7 to 11 years and their mothers participated in this study and they were recruited in a public elementary school and in a university clinic of psychology. The instruments used in this study were: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices -Special Scale, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Family Environment Resources Inventory (Recursos do Ambiente Familiar -RAF), Family Life subscale from the Adverse Events Scale (Escala de Eventos Adversos -EEA). Data collection took place at the clinic and school. The data were analyzed by means of multiple linear regression, verifying the power of prediction of behavioral outcomes considering the environment variables. The results indicated school adversity as the main predictor of attention problems, social problems and aggressive behavior. Family adversity was associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Two modalities of family support (daily regular routine and leisure activities in free time) seemed to prevent behavior problems. These are home resources amenable to intervention.
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