Objective: To describe the alterations seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in newborns, correlating those alterations with the transfontanellar ultrasound (TFUS) findings, and to describe the main risk factors identified. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the examinations of 51 patients who were submitted to brain MRI with a neonatal protocol during hospitalization. We evaluated the MRI findings and correlated them with previous TFUS findings, using the last TFUS performed in order to minimize the risk of bias. Data were obtained from medical records, and the images were reviewed by a radiologist specializing in neuroimaging. Results: Of the 51 patients evaluated, 21 (41.2%) were extremely preterm infants and 22 (43.1%) were extremely-low-birth-weight infants. Alterations were seen on 16 (31.4%) of the TFUS examinations and on 30 (58.8%) of the brain MRI scans, the most common finding being germinal matrix hemorrhage. The positive and negative predictive values of TFUS in relation to MRI were 87% and 54%, respectively. Conclusion: Because TFUS proved to be capable of distinguishing mild and moderate (grade I and II) germinal matrix hemorrhage from the severe forms (grades III and IV), it can be considered a good tool for screening and follow-up, especially in infants with severe disease and risk factors.
RESUMEN:El nervio musculocutáneo se origina del fascículo lateral en el plexo braquial y sus fibras emergen principalmente de las raíces nerviosas anteriores de C5 y C6. Durante la disección de rutina del plexo braquial en un cadáver formolizado, fue encontrada una variación del origen y trayecto de este nervio. El nervio musculocutáneo se originaba de la cara lateral del nervio mediano y después del origen, cruzaba anteriormente al músculo coracobraquial, sin perforarlo, de medial hacia lateral y de proximal hacia distal, para después ramificarse. Las variaciones anatómicas encontradas contribuyen para el estudio de la anatomía y sirven para el cirujano en intervenciones en la fosa axilar y en la parte anterior del brazo, previniendo, así, complicaciones operatorias.PALABRAS CLAVE: Anatomía; Plexo Braquial; Nervio Musculocutáneo. INTRODUCCIÓNEl nervio musculocutáneo se origina del fascículo lateral del plexo braquial junto con el ramo lateral del nervio mediano. Sus fibras derivan principalmente de C5 y C6 con aporte de C7 (Moore & Dalley, 2001). Es responsable por la inervación de los músculos coracobraquial, bíceps braquial y braquial y por la inervación sensitiva de las caras anterior y posterolateral del antebrazo (Gray & Goss, 1988).Han sido descritas variaciones cuanto al origen y trayecto del nervio musculocutáneo, a pesar que la mayoría presenta su origen directo del fascículo lateral del plexo braquial. El nervio musculocutáneo puede tener su origen de los fascí-culos lateral y posterior, del nervio mediano u originarse solamente del fascículo posterior (Latarjet & Liard, 1996;Tountas & Bergman, 1993). El nervio pasa a través de las fibras del músculo coracobraquial, de posterior para anterior y es conocido como Nervio Perforante de Caserio (Testut & Latarjet, 1968), sin embargo la no transfijación de este nervio al mús-culo coracobraquial ya ha sido relatada. RELATO DE CASO Y DISCUSIÓNDurante la disección de rutina del plexo braquial izquierdo de un cadáver de un individuo adulto, de sexo masculino, de edad media, fijado en formalina, perteneciente al Departamento de Anatomía Humana de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Passo Fundo, fue encontrada una variación anatómica del origen y trayecto del nervio musculocutáneo. Este nervio se originaba de la cara lateral del nervio mediano, el cual presentaba su formación patrón, a nivel de transición del tercio proximal con el medio del brazo (Fig. 1). El nervio musculocutáneo cruzaba anteriormente al músculo coracobranquial, de medial a lateral y de proximal a distal, sin perforarlo, para terminar como nervio cutáneo lateral del antebrazo. Los otros nervios originados de ambos plexos braquiales izquierdo y derecho no presentaban variaciones anatómicas.Variaciones del plexo braquial son relatadas con frecuencia en la literatura, pero el origen del nervio musculocutáneo a partir del nervio mediano raramente es encontrado. Ese origen anómalo tiene una explicación embriológica, una vez que el plexo braquial aparece como un cono radicular único del miem...
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar alterações encontradas nas ressonâncias magnéticas (RMs) encefálicas neonatais, correlacionando com a ultrassonografia transfontanelar (USTF), e descrever os principais fatores de risco encontrados. Materiais e Métodos: Foram avaliados exames de 51 pacientes que realizaram RM utilizando protocolo neonatal durante internação hospitalar, correlacionando com resultados da USTF prévia, sendo utilizada, para minimizar as chances de viés, a última USTF realizada. Os dados foram obtidos de prontuário médico e as imagens foram revisadas por médico radiologista especialista em neuroimagem. Resultados: A população foi composta majoritariamente de recém-nascidos prematuros extremos (21; 41,2%) e de extremo baixo peso (22; 43,1%). Foram encontradas alterações em 16 (31,4%) das USTFs e em 30 (58,8%) das RMs, sendo a hemorragia da matriz germinativa o achado mais frequente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo da USTF em relação à RM foram de 87% e 54%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A USTF mostrou-se importante na distinção entre os graus de hemorragia da matriz germinativa leve e moderada (I e II) dos graus acentuados (III e IV), sendo considerada um bom exame de rastreio e acompanhamento, principalmente em pacientes mais graves e com fatores de risco.
Objective: To assess the metabolic alterations of the thalamus in subjects with schizophrenia compared to healthysubjects and to investigate whether specific schizophrenic symptoms are associated with metabolic alterationsmeasured by 1H MRS. Methods: This is a case-control study including patients with schizophrenia diagnosed usingthe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, DMS-IV and the Operational CriteriaChecklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was used to assessmetabolite concentrations (N-acetylaspartate, choline, creatinine, myoionositol and lactacte) in the left and rightthalamus of 13 patients with schizophrenia and 13 healthy controls. Results: In this study, concentrations ofspecific metabolites in the thalamus, determined by 1H MRS, were similar for individuals with schizophrenia andcontrols. It was observed that cases with family history of schizophrenia and disorganized speech demonstrated areduction in the ratio of the metabolites NAA /Cho in the thalamic nuclei on the right side. However, those withorganized delusions, hallucinations and non-affective auditory hallucinations had an increase of metabolites on theright side compared to the left thalamus. Decreased thalamic metabolic activity in patients with positive symptomswas observed in contrast with those who had well-organized delusions and auditory non-affective hallucinations,core symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion: A lateralized thalamic involvement was verified, suggesting thatorganic and genetic factors compromise the right thalamus and that the disorganization associated with delusionsand hallucinations compromises the left thalamic nuclei. Further studies to investigate the correlation betweensymptoms and thalamic dysfunction are warranted. (Rev Neuropsiquiatr 2011;74:183-190)
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